Skip to main content
. 2026 Sep 11;27(18):8091. doi: 10.3390/ijms27188091
MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
ROS reactive oxygen species
NETs neutrophil extracellular traps
DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns
PAMPs pathogen-associated molecular patterns
IL-8/CXCL8 interleukin-8/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8
CXCR1/2 C-X-C chemokine receptor 1/2
C5a complement fragment C5a
LTB4 leukotriene B4
PSGL-1 P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1
ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1
NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NE neutrophil elastase
ECM extracellular matrix
HMGB1 high mobility group box 1
PCD programmed cell death
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α
IL interleukin
PS phosphatidylserine
TGF-β transforming growth factor-β
G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1
CD16 cluster of differentiation 16
ALI/ARDS acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome
SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome
TF tissue factor
ATP adenosine triphosphate
TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor
NF-κB nuclear factor-κB
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase
iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4
STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
lncRNAs long non-coding RNAs
Morrbid myeloid RNA regulator of Bim-induced death
PRC2 Polycomb repressive complex 2
EZH2 enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit
H3K27me3 histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation
Bcl2l11/Bim BCL2-like 11/apoptosis regulator Bim
EVs extracellular vesicles
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
NLR neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio
MPO-DNA myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes
CitH3 citrullinated histone H3
cfDNA cell-free DNA
DNase I deoxyribonuclease I
PAD4 peptidylarginine deiminase 4
RIPK receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase
AI Artificial Intelligence