Abbreviation	Full Form
ABTS	2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
ACE	Angiotensin-converting enzyme
AI	Artificial intelligence
AKT	Protein kinase B
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ANN	Artificial neural network
ARE	Antioxidant response element
ATM	Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
ATR	Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X protein
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
CAM	Class activation mapping
CAT	Catalase
CDK	Cyclin-dependent kinase
CeD	Celiac disease
Chk1/2	Checkpoint kinases 1 and 2
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase 2
CRC	Colorectal cancer
DAG	1,2-Diacylglycerol
DL	Deep learning
DM	Diabetes mellitus
DNN	Deep neural network
DPP-IV	Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
DPPH	2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
DSS	Dextran sulfate sodium
DT	Decision tree
DW	Dry weight
EMA	Endomysial antibody
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FAD	Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization
FFA	Free fatty acids
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
FOXO3	Forkhead box protein O3
FRAP	Ferric reducing antioxidant power
FTIR	Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
FWGE	Fermented wheat germ extract
G6P	Glucose-6-phosphatase
GABA	Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GAE	Gallic acid equivalent
GAN	Generative adversarial network
GC-MS	Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GI	Gluten index
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT	Glucose transporter
GMO	Genetically modified organism
GRD	Gluten-related disorder
GSH-Px	Glutathione peroxidase
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
gWAT	Gonadal white adipose tissue
HBA	Hydroxybenzoic acid
HbA1c	Hemoglobin A1c
HCA	Hydroxycinnamic acid
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HFD	High-fat diet
HLA	Human leukocyte antigen
HO-1	Heme oxygenase 1
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
HPP	High-pressure processing
IC50	Half maximal inhibitory concentration
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
IgE	Immunoglobulin E
IL-1β	Interleukin 1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin 6
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IoT	Internet of Things
IR	Insulin receptor
IRS	Insulin receptor substrate
iWAT	Inguinal white adipose tissue
iWOA	Improved whale optimization algorithm
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
KAN	Kolmogorov–Arnold network
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
KIM-1	Kidney injury molecule 1
KNN	K-nearest neighbors
LC-MS	Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LGAKNet	Lightweight Ghost-attention Kolmogorov–Arnold network
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MetS	Metabolic syndrome
MIC	Minimum inhibitory concentration
miR-34a	MicroRNA 34a
ML	Machine learning
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase-9
MSG	Monosodium glutamate
mTOR	Mechanistic target of rapamycin
NAD	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NCGS	Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NIR	Near-infrared
NIRS	Near-infrared spectroscopy
NQO1	NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NSP	Non-starch polysaccharide
PDCAAS	Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score
PDK1	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
pix2pix	Pixel-to-pixel generative adversarial network
PKCε	Protein kinase C epsilon
PLS	Partial least squares
PSA	Prostate-specific antigen
PUFA	Polyunsaturated fatty acid
QE	Quercetin equivalent
QSAR	Quantitative structure–activity relationship
RCT	Randomized controlled trial
RF	Random forest
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
SHIME	Simulated human intestinal microbial ecosystem
SIRT1	Silent information regulator 1
SIRT3	Sirtuin 3
SOCS3	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
STZ	Streptozotocin
SVR	Support vector regression
SWIR	Short-wave infrared
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TC	Total cholesterol
TG	Triglycerides
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TRIPOD	Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis
tTG	Tissue transglutaminase
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
Vis	Visible
Vis-NIR	Visible–near-infrared
Vis-NIR-SWIR	Visible–near-infrared–short-wave infrared
WCCPS	Wheat cell culture polysaccharides
WDEIA	Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis
WGCNA	Weighted gene co-expression network analysis
WHO	World Health Organization
XAI	Explainable artificial intelligence
XGBoost	Extreme gradient boosting
16S rDNA	16S ribosomal DNA