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. 2026 Sep 19;27(18):8357. doi: 10.3390/ijms27188357
4-HNE 4-Hydroxynonenal
AA Arachidonic acid
ABCD Adiposity-based chronic disease
ACSL4 Acyl–CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4
AdA Adrenic acid
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
ARE Antioxidant response element
ATMs Adipose tissue macrophages
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
BAT Brown adipose tissue
BH4 Tetrahydrobiopterin
BMI Body mass index
BPF Bergamot polyphenolic fraction
CLS Crown-like structures
CoQ10 Coenzyme Q10
CoQ10H2 Ubiquinol (reduced coenzyme Q10)
DAMPs Damage-associated molecular patterns
DMT1 Divalent metal transporter 1
ER Endoplasmic reticulum
ETC Electron transport chain
FSP1 Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1
FTH1 Ferritin heavy chain 1
FTL Ferritin light chain
GCH1 GTP cyclohydrolase 1
GCLC Glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
GCLM Glutamate–cysteine ligase modulatory subunit
GPX4 Glutathione peroxidase 4
GSH Glutathione (reduced)
GSSG Glutathione disulfide (oxidized)
HIF-1α Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
IL-1β Interleukin 1 beta
IL-6 Interleukin 6
IL-10 Interleukin 10
Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
LOOH Lipid hydroperoxides
LOX Lipoxygenase
LPCAT3 Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3
MDA Malondialdehyde
M1-like Classically activated macrophage phenotype
M2-like Alternatively activated macrophage phenotype
NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NCOA4 Nuclear receptor coactivator 4
NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PE Phosphatidylethanolamine
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid
PUFA-PL Polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipid
ROS Reactive oxygen species
SLC7A11 Solute carrier family 7 member 11 (xCT)
TCA cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle
TfR1 Transferrin receptor 1
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha
UCP1 Uncoupling protein 1
WAT White adipose tissue