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. 2026 Sep 17;27(18):8295. doi: 10.3390/ijms27188295
AIR alcohol-insoluble residue
ANOVA analysis of variance
AtVTE2 Arabidopsis thaliana VTE2, encoding homogentisate phytyltransferase
BSTFA N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide
CaMV 35S cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter
CDTA trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid
CSF CDTA-soluble fraction
DMAPP dimethylallyl diphosphate
DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
DXPR 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase
DXPS 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase
FRAP Ferric-reducing antioxidant power
FT-IR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
GC–MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
HMGR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
HMGS 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase
HPT homogentisate phytyltransferase
HPT1 homogentisate phytyltransferase 1
IDI isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase
IPP isopentenyl diphosphate
MEP 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway
MS Murashige and Skoog medium
MVA mevalonate pathway
NSF Na2CO3-soluble fraction
OCS octopine synthase terminator
PDA photodiode-array detector
PDS phytoene desaturase
PPM Plant Preservative Mixture
PSY phytoene synthase
RQ relative quantity
RT-qPCR reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR
SD standard deviation
TC tocopherol cyclase
TMCS trimethylchlorosilane
TPTZ 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine
UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography
UPLC–PDA ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode-array detection
UPLC–PDA–MS ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode-array and mass-spectrometric detection
VTE1 tocopherol cyclase
VTE2 homogentisate phytyltransferase
VTE4/γ-TMT γ-tocopherol methyltransferase
WSF water-soluble fraction
ZDS ζ-carotene desaturase