Table 1.
Characteristics of the SROS Sample According to Treatment Modality
| Characteristics | Inpatient | Residential | Detox/Methadone | Outpatient Drug-Free | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of programsb | 22 | 26 | 26 | 23 | — |
| Number of subjects in the follow-up | 441 | 464 | 423 | 471 | — |
| Characteristics of the Clients | |||||
| Female, % | 30 | 25 | 37 | 31 | ** |
| Age, mean (SD) | 39 (10) | 35 (9) | 38 (9) | 35 (10) | ** |
| Years of education, % | |||||
| <12 years | 41 | 49 | 40 | 46 | |
| 12 years | 28 | 27 | 31 | 30 | |
| >12 years | 31 | 23 | 30 | 25 | * |
| Race/ethnicity, % | |||||
| White | 65 | 54 | 61 | 66 | |
| Black | 23 | 39 | 28 | 20 | |
| Hispanic | 8 | 4 | 8 | 10 | |
| Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | ** |
| Homeless, % | |||||
| At admission as per chart | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | * |
| Ever in the 5 years before indexc | 23 | 29 | 21 | 16 | *** |
| Characteristics of the Substance Disorder | |||||
| Type of substance, % | |||||
| Alcohol | 72 | 64 | 55 | 73 | *** |
| Cocaine | 23 | 27 | 30 | 19 | ** |
| Crack | 19 | 37 | 12 | 12 | *** |
| Heroin | 14 | 8 | 43 | 4 | *** |
| Marijuana | 15 | 33 | 19 | 33 | *** |
| Multiple substances, % | 42 | 56 | 50 | 44 | ** |
| Substance use severity in the 5 years before treatment | |||||
| Mean days/month used (SD)d | 21 (10) | 21 (10) | 21 (10) | 18 (11) | *** |
| Used >20 days/month, % | 60 | 57 | 60 | 44 | *** |
| Psychiatric comorbidity, % | 37 | 21 | 16 | 21 | ** |
| Characteristics of Treatment | |||||
| Length of treatment, | |||||
| Mean days (SD) | 31 (99) | 71 (104) | 227 (373) | 164 (189) | ** |
| Median | 14.5 | 29 | 101 | 122 | |
| Involuntary (court-ordered), % | 5 | 17 | 13 | 31 | ** |
| Content of treatment, % | |||||
| Any medication (not methadone) | 90 | 57 | 32 | 39 | *** |
| Any individual counseling | 89 | 94 | 86 | 91 | ** |
| Any group counseling | 90 | 91 | 54 | 78 | *** |
| Drug education counseling | 84 | 79 | 42 | 46 | *** |
| Average number of sessions for clients who received treatment | |||||
| Individual counseling, mean (SD) | 5.8 (5.3) | 9.5 (11.6) | 11.9 (14.5) | 7.3 (9.1) | *** |
| Median | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | |
| Group therapy, mean (SD) | 14.5 (12.8) | 28.0 (18.6) | 13.8 (14.2) | 15.1 (12.4) | *** |
| Median | 11 | 29 | 8 | 12 | |
| Drug education counseling, mean (SD) | 11.5 (11.9) | 17.7 (17.7) | 10.9 (16.6) | 4.6 (3.6) | *** |
| Median | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 | |
| Average cost per client, in $1,000's | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.2 (7.8) | 3.1 (4.0) | 2.2 (3.6) | 1.2 (1.4) | * |
| Median | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | |
| Completion of treatment, % | |||||
| Completed as planned | 73 | 51 | 33 | 43 | *** |
| Not completed, client choice | 11 | 24 | 40 | 34 | *** |
| Not completed, other reason | 13 | 22 | 23 | 17 | *** |
| Five-year course | |||||
| Abstinent during the 5-year post-treatment, % | 21 | 21 | 17 | 18 | NS |
| Abstinent or reduced use during the 5-year post-treatment, % | 53 | 47 | 48 | 49 | NS |
| Received further treatment after the index treatment, % | 58 | 58 | 55 | 41 | ** |
P-values were determined by chi-square test for categorical data and F-test for continuous data.
Of the 99 programs whose directors were interviewed, two programs had no clients in the follow-up. The total number of programs is therefore 97.
Defined as homeless for two consecutive nights.
Assessment of the severity of substance abuse was based on one question asked for each type of substance: “When you used [the substance] in the five years before [index treatment], on the average, about how many days did you use [the substance] during a month?” Severity measure reported here was calculated as the maximum number for all the substances that the respondent reported using.
P<.05
p<.01
p<.001
NS=not significant.