Table 4.

The Effects of Mandatory HMO-Only Programs on Access and Use

	Women Receiving AFDC		Children with Medicaid
Dependent Variable	Coefficient	Marginal Effect	Coefficient	Marginal Effect
Current Medicaid sample
Has usual source of care, not in the ER	−0.253	−0.070	0.038	0.007
	(0.172)		(0.146)
Any ER visit in past 2 weeks (conditional on having any provider contact)	−0.018	−0.003	−0.469**	−0.069
	(0.305)		(0.199)
Any phone consultations with a provider in past 2 weeks (conditional on having any provider contact)	−0.222	−0.045	0.045	0.008
	(0.330)		(0.203)
Any specialist visit in past 2 weeks (conditional on having any physician visit)	−0.574*	−0.107	0.378**	0.076
	(0.327)		(0.189)
Immunization adequacy for children 19–35 months (4DPT/3OPV/1MMR)	—	—	0.482	0.141
			(0.303)
Immunization adequacy for children 19–35 months (4DPT/3OPV/1MMR/3HIP/3HepatitutsB)	—	—	0.287	0.095
			(0.260)
Full-year Medicaid Sample
Unmet need for medical care in past 12 months	0.784***	0.078	−0.348	−0.011
	(0.302)		(0.303)
Unmet need for prescription drugs in past 12 months	—	—	−0.301	−0.007
			(0.332)
Any physician or other provider visit in past 12 months	−0.022	−0.005	0.256	0.051
	(0.294)		(0.165)
Log number of physician or other provider visits	−0.328**	—	0.012	—
	(0.157)		(0.095)
Any inpatient stay in past 12 months	−0.673**	−0.070	−0.057	−0.003
	(0.265)		(0.135)

Notes: Probit coefficients and marginal effects are reported, except for log number of physician visits for which OLS coefficients are reported. Marginal effects are the percentage point difference in the access/use measure of MMC programs relative to traditional FFS Medicaid. Standard errors are in parentheses. Asterisks indicate that access/use is significantly different from traditional FFS Medicaid at

^*p<.10

^**p<.05, and

^***p<.01.