Table 3.
Descriptive Statistics of Variables Used in the Study
| 1970–1979 | 1980–1989 | 1990–1998 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Definition | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. |
| Independent Variables | |||||||
| Primary care | Total score | 8.85 | 5.01 | 9.27 | 5.26 | 9.65 | 5.51 |
| Physicians | Per 1,000 pop. | 1.55 | 0.40 | 2.29* | 0.65 | 2.82* | 0.88 |
| Alcohol | Liters/capita | 11.82 | 4.19 | 11.16 | 3.19 | 9.91* | 2.57 |
| Tobacco | Grams/capita | 2661.38 | 609.70 | 2417.79* | 551.64 | 1970.31* | 413.35 |
| Income | $US/capita | 589.55 | 533.42 | 923.41 | 858.23 | 1405.14** | 1376.80 |
| Doctor visits | Visits/capita | 5.28 | 3.00 | 6.13 | 2.89 | 6.54** | 3.11 |
| GDP | $US/ capita | 5926.78 | 3058.56 | 12480.40* | 5390.30 | 23928.16* | 6955.29 |
| Elderly | % pop. over 65 | 11.72 | 2.26 | 13.17* | 2.05 | 14.38* | 1.64 |
| Dependent Variables (All Standardized and Expressed as per 100,000) | |||||||
| Mortality | All-cause (both genders) | 943.29 | 112.28 | 791.98* | 81.62 | 695.07* | 79.57 |
| Female mortality | All-cause (women) | 743.02 | 99.22 | 611.03* | 69.35 | 534.91* | 68.67 |
| Male mortality | All-cause (male) | 1211.76 | 149.85 | 1038.48* | 113.61 | 913.44* | 102.26 |
| Premature mortality | All-cause (both genders) | 6933.48 | 1515.39 | 5355.63* | 892.49 | 4494.81* | 818.79 |
| Premature mortality (cerebrovascular) | PYLL (both genders) | 282.65 | 112.25 | 198.88* | 77.23 | 146.75* | 58.45 |
| Premature mortality (heart) | PYLL (both genders) | 662.91 | 317.44 | 498.26* | 231.64 | 340.67* | 128.21 |
| Premature mortality (pneumonia) | PYLL (both genders) | 225.00 | 264.16 | 81.14* | 55.40 | 56.36* | 29.40 |
| Premature mortality (asthma) | PYLL (both genders) | 88.98 | 43.05 | 59.52* | 26.54 | 39.72* | 15.60 |
*
=Significantly different from previous decade average (p<0.05)
**
=Significantly different from 1970–1979 average only (p<0.05)