Table 2.

Organizational Culture measurement Instruments that Have potential to Be Used in Health Care Settings

Name and Key References	Cultural Dimensions and Outcome Measures	Number of Items	Nature of Scale	Examples of Use	Scientific Properties	Strengths	Limitations	Comments
Corporate Culture Questionnaire (Walker, Symon, and Davies 1996)	Four principal domains: performance, human resources, decision-making, and relationships.	69 or 126 versions	5-point Likert-type scale.	Used widely as a management consulting tool and published study in engineering company (Walker, Symon, and Davies 1996).	Internal reliability 0.72–0.89, detailed factor analysis performed (Walker, Symon, and Davies 1996).	Systematically developed from review of previous instruments, comprehensive.	Long	Some potential for use in health studies but longer version only available commercially.
Core Employee Opinion Questionnaire (Buckingham and Coffman 2000)	Thirteen issues addressed: overall satisfaction, understanding of expectations, access to required resources, appropriate use of skills, recognition and praise for achievements, relationship with supervisors, encouragement for self-development, perceptions of worth, engagement with organizational mission, commitment of all employees, friendships, appraisal, opportunities for career progression.	13	5-point Likert-type scale.	2,528 business units in range of different companies (Buckingham and Coffman 2000).	No data.	High face validity, easy to complete.	Assesses only limited number of cultural dimensions.	May be useful for health studies of limited area of culture—human resource issues
Hofstede's Organizational Culture Questionnaire (Hofstede et al. 1990)	Based on 3 values: need for security, importance of work and need for authority. Within these, there are 6 factors relating to practice issues: process vs. outcome, employee vs. task, parochial vs. professional, open vs. closed system, loose vs. tight control, normative vs. pragmatic.	135	5-point scale.	Used in range of private and public organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands (Hofstede et al. 1990).	(Hofstede et al. 1990).	Good theoretical basis and face validity of values and practical issues.	Not widely used in English-speaking countries.	Significant potential for use in health care organizations.
Organizational Culture Survey (Glaser, Zamanou, and Hacker 1987)	Addresses six empirical factors: teamwork and conflict, climate and morale, information flow, involvement, supervision, meetings.	31	5-point scale.	Used in commercial sector and government agency in U.S. (Glaser, Zamanou, and Hacker 1987).	Cronbach's alpha 0.82–0.91, extensive reliability testing (Glaser, Zamanou, and Hacker 1987).	Easy to use, comprehensive process of development.	Addresses only superficial issues.	Some potential for use in health settings.