Table 1.
Definition, Source, and Description of Independent Measures
| Mean(SD) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Definition | Source | Full Sample1 | Hospitalized2 | ||
| Resident Characteristics: | ||||||
| Male | Dummy variable, 1=male; 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.214 | (0.410) | 0.285 | (0.452) |
| Age | Continuous, age in years | MMQ | 82.937 | (11.847) | 82.824 | (9.561) |
| NH Length of Stay | Continuous, number of years stay in facility | MMQ | 3.649 | (4.054) | 2.353 | (3.346) |
| New Admission | Dummy variable, 1=admission within last 90 days, 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.063 | (0.244) | 0.196 | (0.397) |
| Resident Clinical Characteristics: | ||||||
| Diagnoses | A set of dummy variables indicating frequent, Primary NH | Frequent NH | ||||
| Diagnoses (5 percent or more)3 | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 1=ICD-9 437, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.038 | (0.190) | 0.035 | (0.184) |
| Stroke | 1=ICD-9 436, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.068 | (0.252) | 0.071 | (0.256) |
| General Symptoms | 1=ICD-9 780, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.081 | (0.273) | 0.071 | (0.256) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 1=ICD-9 428, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.119 | (0.324) | 0.153 | (0.360) |
| Diabetes | 1=ICD-9 250, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.148 | (0.355) | 0.183 | (0.387) |
| Hypertension | 1=ICD-9 401, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.229 | (0.420) | 0.222 | (0.416) |
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 1=ICD-9 414, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.108 | (0.310) | 0.119 | (0.324) |
| Dementia | 1=ICD-9 290, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.208 | (0.406) | 0.181 | (0.385) |
| Chronic Air Obstruction | 1=ICD-9 496, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.073 | (0.260) | 0.115 | (0.318) |
| Osteoarthritis | 1=ICD-9 715, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.115 | (0.319) | 0.090 | (0.287) |
| Hip Fracture | 1=ICD-9 820, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.071 | (0.257) | 0.062 | (0.240) |
| Alzheimer's Disease | 1=ICD-9 331, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.108 | (0.311) | 0.086 | (0.282) |
| Psychosis | 1=ICD-9 298, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.058 | (0.233) | 0.058 | (0.234) |
| Schizophrenia | 1=ICD-9 295, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.055 | (0.229) | 0.059 | (0.216) |
| Parkinson's Disease | 1=ICD-9 332, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.051 | (0.220) | 0.056 | (0.229) |
| Major Diagnostic Categories | A set of dummy variables indicating MDC for those diagnoses not represented by High Frequency diagnoses. | |||||
| Infections | 1=ICD-9 (001-139), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.017 | (0.130) | 0.017 | (0.129) |
| Neoplasms | 1=ICD-9 (140-239), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.063 | (0.243) | 0.072 | (0.259) |
| Endocrine | 1=ICD-9 (240-289), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.279 | (0.448) | 0.301 | (0.459) |
| Nervous | 1=ICD-9 (320-389), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.321 | (0.467) | 0.285 | (0.451) |
| Circulatory | 1=ICD-9 (390-459), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.616 | (0.486) | 0.652 | (0.476) |
| Respiratory | 1=ICD-9 (460-519), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.127 | (0.333) | 0.196 | (0.397) |
| Digestive | 1=ICD-9 (520-579), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.122 | (0.327) | 0.127 | (0.333) |
| Genitourinary | 1=ICD-9 (580-629), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.075 | (0.264) | 0.102 | (0.302) |
| Musculoskeletal | 1=ICD-9 (710-739), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.229 | (0.420) | 0.199 | (0.400) |
| Skin | 1=ICD-9 (680-709), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.033 | (0.179) | 0.037 | (0.190) |
| Congenital | 1=ICD-9 (740-759), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.016 | (0.125) | 0.010 | (0.100) |
| Ill-defined | 1=ICD-9 (780-799), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.164 | (0.370) | 0.151 | (0.358) |
| Injury/Poisoning | 1=ICD-9 (800-999), 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.148 | (0.355) | 0.143 | (0.350) |
| Other Health/Risk Indicators: | ||||||
| Secondary Diagnoses | Count of comorbidities (0-3) | MMQ | 2.344 | (0.872) | 2.423 | (0.830) |
| Accidents | Dummy variable, 1=Reported accident in the past 90 days, 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.117 | (0.322) | 0.129 | (0.335) |
| ADL Status | Dummy variable, 1=4 to 5 ADL Impairments, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.779 | (0.415) | 0.791 | (0.406) |
| Activity Level | Dummy variable, 1=Regular participant in facility-led activities, 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.775 | (0.417) | 0.809 | (0.393) |
| Weight Change | Dummy variable, 1=Unplanned weight change (+8Lbs or –5lbs), 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.069 | (0.254) | 0.079 | (0.270) |
| Restraints Applied | Dummy variable, 1=Indicates daily or PRN restraint orders, 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.280 | (0.449) | 0.267 | (0.442) |
| Decubitus Ulcers | Dummy variable, 1=stage 2 or higher decubitus ulcer present 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.118 | (0.323) | 0.153 | (0.360) |
| MMQ Score | Interval level score measured in ten-point intervals, reflecting overall care needs. | MMQ | 18.758 | (8.489) | 18.942 | (8.376) |
| Last Year's Maximum DCG | Set of dummy variables indicating maximum DCG score for all hospitalizations in the past year (reference category set to zero). | |||||
| DCG 1-2 | 1=DCG Score of 1 to 2, 0=otherwise. | MEDPAR | 0.071 | (0.257) | 0.122 | (0.328) |
| DCG 3-4 | 1=DCG Score of 3 to 4, 0=otherwise. | MEDPAR | 0.095 | (0.293) | 0.184 | (0.387) |
| DCG 5-7 | 1=DCG Score of 5,6, or 7, 0=otherwise. | MEDPAR | 0.033 | (0.179) | 0.077 | (0.267) |
| Drug Usage | Set of dummy variables indicating resident history of drug usage. | |||||
| Hypnotics | 1=Daily or PRN use of Hypnotics at time t, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.104 | (0.306) | 0.112 | (0.315) |
| Tranquilizers | 1=Daily or PRN use of Tranquilizers at time t, 0=otherwise | MMQ | 0.183 | (0.386) | 0.198 | (0.399) |
| Antidepressants | 1=Daily or PRN use of Antidepressants at time t, 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.143 | (0.350) | 0.156 | (0.366) |
| Antipsychotics | 1=Daily or PRN use of Antipsychotics at time t, 0=otherwise. | MMQ | 0.164 | (0.371) | 0.165 | (0.371) |
| Facility Characteristics: | ||||||
| Management | Dummy variable, facility operated by a management firm. 1=management; 0=otherwise. | MRSC | 0.500 | (0.499) | 0.515 | (0.500) |
| Nonprofit Status | Dummy variable indicating nonprofit status. 1=nonprofit, 0=otherwise. | MRSC | 0.233 | (0.422) | 0.209 | (0.407) |
| Intermediate Care Facility | Dummy variable indicating intermediate-level care facility. 1=Intermediate Care Facility; 0=otherwise. | MRSC | 0.171 | (0.377) | 0.177 | (0.382) |
| Operating Tenure | Continuous variable measuring number of operation years under current ownership. | MRSC | 8.584 | (5.823) | 8.317 | (5.777) |
| Medicare Paid Days | Medicare paid days as a percentage of total annual patient days | MRSC | 3.367 | (4.234) | 3.284 | (4.852) |
| Medicaid Paid Days | Medicaid paid days as a percentage of total annual patient days | MRSC | 75.987 | (14.633) | 77.158 | (14.432) |
| Mean Number of Operating Beds | Mean number of operating beds per facility. | MRSC | 119.822 | (55.248) | 117.630 | (52.897) |
| Cash Flow | Average facility assets as a percentage of facility liabilities | MRSC | 0.164 | (1.099) | 0.198 | (1.448) |
| Deficiency Status | Count of the number of deficiency citations received during the facility's inspection in the past year (0–55) | Public | 4.763 | (6.412) | 4.481 | (5.972) |
| LPN Staffing Expenses | Total expenses for LPN staffing as a percentage of total annual nursing expenses | MRSC | 0.227 | (0.097) | 0.234 | (0.115) |
| RN Staffing Expenses | Total expenses for RN staffing as a percentage of total annual nursing expenses. | MRSC | 0.248 | (0.113) | 0.247 | (0.194) |
| Facility Case-Mix | Facility average of individual MMQ Scores. | MMQ | 18.653 | (2.802) | 18.478 | (2.605) |
| Change in Ownership | Dummy Variable indicating that nursing home changed ownership in previous year. 1=Owner changed; 0=otherwise. | MRSC | 0.015 | (0.123) | 0.015 | (0.122) |
| Market Characteristics: | ||||||
| County Specialty MDs | Total number of specialty physicians as a percentage of all area physicians. | ARF | 37.647 | (3.658) | 37.988 | (3.572) |
| County Hospital Beds | Total Number of Hospital Beds per capita. | ARF | 0.357 | (0.127) | 0.372 | (0.190) |
| County NH Beds | Total Number of NH Beds per capita. | ARF | 0.772 | (0.127) | 0.764 | (0.121) |
| Percent Urban | Urban dwelling residents as a percentage of all county residents. | ARF | 0.169 | (0.343) | 0.155 | (0.280) |
| Area Income Level | Average area income level per county. | ARF | 37.643 | (3.658) | 37.988 | (3.572) |
1
Full Sample analyses based on 72,319 person-quarters.
2
Hospitalized Sample analyses based on 8,070 person-quarters.
3
Due to comorbidities numbers do not add to 100.