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. 2003 Dec;38(6 Pt 1):1487–1508. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00189.x

Table A1.

Regression of Outcomes on Nursing and Other Variables, Medical Pool, 11-State All-Patient, 11-State Medicare, MedPAR Samples

UTI Pressure Ulcer Pneumonia DVT
11-State All Patient
Robust Robust Robust Robust
IRR Std. Err. P>z IRR Std. Err. P>z IRR Std. Err. P>z IRR Std. Err. P>z
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 0.998 0.004 0.683 0.997 0.008 0.670 0.999 0.006 0.817 1.009 0.009 0.337
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 0.998 0.007 0.733 1.020 0.013 0.114 1.001 0.008 0.939 1.002 0.014 0.858
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 0.489 0.060 0.000 0.765 0.157 0.192 0.606 0.093 0.001 1.383 0.298 0.132
New York 0.977 0.026 0.395 0.897 0.042 0.021 0.998 0.031 0.944 0.884 0.044 0.013
Massachusetts 1.014 0.032 0.661 1.071 0.063 0.240 1.012 0.073 0.868 0.900 0.068 0.161
Maryland 1.015 0.031 0.629 0.985 0.051 0.774 1.080 0.051 0.103 0.911 0.057 0.135
Virginia 0.976 0.036 0.500 1.057 0.061 0.332 1.033 0.044 0.452 1.018 0.067 0.783
West Virginia 0.991 0.054 0.873 1.107 0.093 0.225 0.993 0.061 0.908 1.149 0.098 0.102
South Carolina 1.062 0.056 0.247 1.319 0.111 0.001 1.088 0.065 0.158 1.013 0.072 0.852
Wisconsin 1.064 0.037 0.072 1.177 0.076 0.012 1.027 0.042 0.510 0.999 0.077 0.993
Missouri 0.988 0.031 0.706 1.069 0.062 0.256 1.074 0.045 0.088 1.005 0.072 0.945
Arizona 0.994 0.048 0.905 0.949 0.089 0.576 1.051 0.060 0.382 0.993 0.074 0.928
Nevada 0.988 0.078 0.874 1.284 0.262 0.220 1.070 0.075 0.331 0.968 0.112 0.780
Major Teaching Hospital 1.093 0.039 0.013 1.104 0.053 0.037 1.204 0.062 0.000 1.145 0.082 0.059
Other Teaching Hospital 1.058 0.022 0.007 0.998 0.035 0.952 1.033 0.026 0.198 0.990 0.041 0.811
Large Metropolitan 1.065 0.023 0.003 1.242 0.045 0.000 1.001 0.027 0.966 1.076 0.047 0.095
Non-Metropolitan 0.961 0.029 0.187 1.115 0.063 0.054 0.978 0.037 0.563 0.966 0.059 0.566
Less Than 100 Beds 0.998 0.025 0.949 0.974 0.048 0.596 1.084 0.034 0.010 0.887 0.047 0.023
250–499 Beds 0.994 0.020 0.765 1.059 0.039 0.119 0.982 0.026 0.489 1.057 0.041 0.145
500 or More 1.033 0.037 0.371 1.021 0.053 0.691 0.940 0.040 0.148 1.285 0.112 0.004
Number of Obs 799.000 799.000 799.000 799.000
Wald chi2(20) 64.080 74.810 43.760 116.330
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000
Pseudo R2 0.008 0.012 0.008 0.016
11-State Medicare
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 1.000 0.004 0.989 0.991 0.008 0.259 1.001 0.007 0.883 1.004 0.010 0.668
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 0.994 0.007 0.381 1.021 0.014 0.126 0.999 0.009 0.884 1.001 0.016 0.958
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 0.537 0.065 0.000 0.706 0.158 0.121 0.586 0.100 0.002 1.128 0.278 0.624
New York 0.966 0.026 0.193 0.908 0.046 0.059 0.987 0.033 0.683 0.877 0.048 0.016
Massachusetts 1.009 0.032 0.774 1.010 0.068 0.884 0.982 0.077 0.818 0.909 0.072 0.229
Maryland 1.027 0.032 0.386 1.036 0.058 0.530 1.079 0.056 0.142 0.929 0.067 0.307
Virginia 0.980 0.035 0.580 1.074 0.066 0.249 1.013 0.046 0.775 1.020 0.073 0.780
West Virginia 0.999 0.054 0.985 1.116 0.094 0.195 1.035 0.067 0.599 1.105 0.113 0.332
South Carolina 1.020 0.049 0.680 1.321 0.122 0.002 1.031 0.065 0.630 1.004 0.087 0.968
Wisconsin 1.087 0.038 0.017 1.147 0.079 0.047 1.006 0.044 0.895 1.010 0.089 0.907
Missouri 0.994 0.030 0.831 1.108 0.070 0.106 1.050 0.046 0.263 0.990 0.075 0.894
Arizona 0.944 0.047 0.246 0.963 0.104 0.727 0.976 0.062 0.703 0.967 0.088 0.715
Nevada 0.974 0.077 0.736 1.253 0.266 0.289 1.019 0.094 0.837 1.030 0.127 0.813
Major Teaching Hospital 1.133 0.040 0.000 1.149 0.061 0.009 1.219 0.065 0.000 1.123 0.083 0.115
Other Teaching Hospital 1.064 0.022 0.003 0.974 0.038 0.497 1.020 0.028 0.463 0.979 0.044 0.640
Large Metropolitan 1.052 0.022 0.015 1.251 0.050 0.000 1.010 0.030 0.747 1.090 0.054 0.082
Non-Metropolitan 0.948 0.028 0.065 1.110 0.066 0.081 0.971 0.039 0.468 0.977 0.069 0.739
Less Than 100 Beds 1.001 0.025 0.952 0.956 0.050 0.391 1.083 0.036 0.017 0.850 0.051 0.007
250–499 Beds 0.992 0.020 0.686 1.089 0.044 0.033 0.992 0.029 0.777 1.108 0.046 0.013
500 or More 1.016 0.035 0.646 1.032 0.058 0.570 0.942 0.042 0.176 1.298 0.120 0.005
Number of Obs 799.000 797.000 799.000 799.000
Wald chi2(20) 66.500 78.370 37.630 98.940
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000
Pseudo R2 0.008 0.013 0.007 0.016
National MedPAR
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 0.996 0.002 0.025 0.994 0.003 0.073 0.999 0.003 0.814 1.000 0.004 0.940
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 0.759 0.047 0.000 0.892 0.099 0.305 0.833 0.067 0.024 1.270 0.147 0.038
Alabama 1.049 0.035 0.152 1.271 0.069 0.000 0.986 0.045 0.756 1.011 0.072 0.874
Alaska 0.962 0.093 0.691 1.102 0.078 0.171 0.725 0.113 0.040 0.899 0.188 0.610
Arizona 1.057 0.047 0.210 1.027 0.084 0.741 1.005 0.051 0.924 0.990 0.072 0.890
Arkansas 1.069 0.047 0.127 1.373 0.105 0.000 1.012 0.060 0.842 1.066 0.111 0.540
Colorado 1.003 0.038 0.929 1.154 0.109 0.128 0.932 0.052 0.213 0.962 0.078 0.629
Connecticut 0.993 0.046 0.874 1.115 0.101 0.229 0.993 0.050 0.886 0.941 0.082 0.483
Delaware 1.024 0.078 0.759 0.917 0.148 0.593 1.060 0.103 0.553 0.767 0.170 0.231
District of Columbia 0.954 0.062 0.474 0.883 0.072 0.129 1.037 0.102 0.714 0.895 0.121 0.414
Florida 1.039 0.025 0.114 1.099 0.046 0.023 1.014 0.034 0.680 0.963 0.046 0.431
Georgia 1.012 0.028 0.660 1.181 0.061 0.001 0.997 0.040 0.951 0.987 0.061 0.830
Hawaii 0.981 0.040 0.642 1.222 0.106 0.021 0.936 0.105 0.555 1.066 0.116 0.559
Idaho 1.199 0.080 0.007 1.604 0.216 0.000 0.943 0.085 0.516 0.912 0.175 0.632
Illinois 1.007 0.026 0.802 1.011 0.053 0.835 1.006 0.040 0.883 0.881 0.052 0.031
Indiana 1.034 0.036 0.338 1.201 0.072 0.002 0.975 0.044 0.574 1.014 0.082 0.867
Iowa 1.053 0.040 0.174 1.218 0.116 0.039 0.973 0.056 0.640 1.022 0.102 0.825
Kansas 1.053 0.042 0.190 1.184 0.112 0.073 0.951 0.057 0.402 1.032 0.106 0.763
Kentucky 1.056 0.036 0.108 1.232 0.076 0.001 0.946 0.045 0.238 0.991 0.059 0.883
Louisiana 1.020 0.038 0.591 1.090 0.055 0.091 0.945 0.040 0.176 1.056 0.066 0.379
Maine 1.120 0.061 0.037 1.302 0.167 0.040 0.991 0.060 0.888 1.303 0.171 0.043
Maryland 1.013 0.032 0.672 1.046 0.054 0.388 0.995 0.050 0.922 0.893 0.066 0.127
Massachusetts 0.980 0.032 0.536 1.098 0.058 0.078 0.953 0.038 0.219 0.853 0.057 0.018
Michigan 0.961 0.029 0.179 0.936 0.047 0.191 0.951 0.034 0.153 0.820 0.046 0.000
Minnesota 1.014 0.038 0.715 1.053 0.095 0.568 0.936 0.043 0.152 0.967 0.071 0.652
Mississippi 1.048 0.037 0.185 1.259 0.085 0.001 0.913 0.056 0.139 1.115 0.104 0.247
Missouri 1.000 0.029 0.994 1.102 0.065 0.101 1.018 0.042 0.667 0.946 0.065 0.421
Montana 1.041 0.082 0.614 1.117 0.108 0.253 0.957 0.088 0.633 1.209 0.144 0.113
Nebraska 1.099 0.069 0.133 1.344 0.152 0.009 0.948 0.079 0.521 1.054 0.092 0.549
Nevada 1.026 0.056 0.633 1.063 0.136 0.635 0.998 0.064 0.975 0.947 0.154 0.736
New Hampshire 1.093 0.053 0.065 1.258 0.265 0.275 0.976 0.078 0.764 0.855 0.146 0.358
New Jersey 1.051 0.032 0.104 1.091 0.057 0.097 1.075 0.045 0.085 0.933 0.049 0.189
New Mexico 1.032 0.054 0.547 1.228 0.118 0.032 0.985 0.063 0.820 0.991 0.089 0.923
New York 0.976 0.024 0.329 0.910 0.039 0.029 0.979 0.030 0.488 0.841 0.043 0.001
North Carolina 1.016 0.030 0.605 1.128 0.062 0.030 0.993 0.068 0.922 0.910 0.054 0.110
North Dakota 1.130 0.072 0.055 1.248 0.081 0.001 0.999 0.108 0.990 1.185 0.115 0.082
Ohio 0.997 0.025 0.912 1.057 0.053 0.264 0.971 0.035 0.417 0.907 0.046 0.055
Oklahoma 1.049 0.046 0.273 1.265 0.104 0.004 0.928 0.050 0.171 1.048 0.069 0.474
Oregon 1.019 0.053 0.720 1.213 0.107 0.029 0.964 0.056 0.523 1.063 0.114 0.565
Pennsylvania 0.988 0.026 0.653 1.032 0.045 0.478 1.001 0.031 0.983 0.911 0.047 0.068
Rhode Island 0.864 0.058 0.029 0.891 0.101 0.308 0.859 0.056 0.020 0.796 0.076 0.017
South Carolina 1.031 0.044 0.466 1.352 0.093 0.000 0.974 0.045 0.567 1.035 0.079 0.653
South Dakota 1.040 0.081 0.611 1.259 0.137 0.033 0.992 0.173 0.964 1.062 0.153 0.678
Tennessee 1.048 0.034 0.152 1.138 0.075 0.050 0.995 0.043 0.901 1.064 0.087 0.446
Texas 1.028 0.028 0.302 1.124 0.047 0.005 0.939 0.027 0.031 1.014 0.050 0.771
Utah 1.015 0.089 0.868 1.085 0.149 0.551 0.885 0.060 0.071 0.958 0.109 0.706
Vermont 0.989 0.053 0.836 1.214 0.237 0.320 0.902 0.114 0.413 1.071 0.150 0.627
Virginia 1.018 0.036 0.609 1.162 0.062 0.005 1.001 0.044 0.980 0.989 0.060 0.854
Washington 1.035 0.040 0.380 1.142 0.083 0.068 0.964 0.045 0.437 0.999 0.085 0.993
West Virginia 1.034 0.052 0.504 1.357 0.116 0.000 0.942 0.054 0.295 1.080 0.094 0.376
Wisconsin 1.039 0.033 0.226 1.192 0.075 0.005 0.969 0.039 0.442 0.973 0.077 0.731
Wyoming 1.166 0.141 0.205 1.567 0.162 0.000 0.950 0.170 0.776 1.237 0.116 0.024
Major Teaching Hospital 1.177 0.021 0.000 1.385 0.043 0.000 1.134 0.027 0.000 1.208 0.048 0.000
Other Teaching Hospital 1.039 0.012 0.001 1.084 0.021 0.000 0.985 0.014 0.291 0.982 0.021 0.403
Large Metropolitan 1.047 0.013 0.000 1.181 0.024 0.000 1.024 0.016 0.135 1.066 0.025 0.007
Non-Metropolitan 0.941 0.013 0.000 0.936 0.024 0.009 1.007 0.020 0.728 0.932 0.026 0.011
Less Than 100 Beds 1.058 0.014 0.000 0.999 0.027 0.980 1.098 0.021 0.000 0.882 0.025 0.000
250–499 Beds 0.978 0.011 0.053 0.989 0.019 0.570 1.011 0.015 0.447 1.158 0.026 0.000
500 or More 0.969 0.017 0.079 0.958 0.027 0.130 0.965 0.021 0.108 1.245 0.050 0.000
Number of Obs 3,356.000 3,314.000 3,355.000 3,357.000
Wald chi2(20) 193.360 317.060 118.650 430.220
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Pseudo R2 0.005 0.015 0.004 0.019
Mortality Failure to Rescue GI Bleeding CNS
11-State All-Patient
Robust Robust Robust Robust
IRR Std. Err. P>z IRR Std. Err. P>z IRR Std. Err. P>z IRR Std. Err. P>z
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 1.000 0.004 0.980 1.003 0.004 0.525 0.988 0.007 0.075 1.013 0.012 0.252
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 1.010 0.006 0.104 1.015 0.007 0.020 0.999 0.011 0.902 1.028 0.019 0.151
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 0.900 0.091 0.294 0.802 0.084 0.034 0.658 0.126 0.029 1.744 0.518 0.061
New York 0.994 0.021 0.781 0.977 0.022 0.309 1.053 0.047 0.244 1.033 0.069 0.623
Massachusetts 1.027 0.032 0.387 1.014 0.035 0.698 1.079 0.061 0.176 1.023 0.084 0.778
Maryland 1.020 0.026 0.432 1.031 0.028 0.262 1.026 0.047 0.579 0.941 0.105 0.584
Virginia 1.018 0.032 0.562 0.999 0.030 0.978 1.033 0.060 0.577 1.032 0.094 0.732
West Virginia 0.980 0.050 0.695 1.010 0.073 0.893 1.131 0.087 0.112 1.045 0.155 0.769
South Carolina 0.924 0.038 0.055 0.982 0.041 0.673 1.153 0.086 0.056 0.866 0.108 0.248
Wisconsin 1.033 0.037 0.359 1.041 0.042 0.315 1.201 0.074 0.003 0.944 0.075 0.465
Missouri 1.048 0.026 0.066 1.012 0.032 0.712 1.135 0.062 0.020 0.971 0.086 0.743
Arizona 1.090 0.057 0.103 1.046 0.051 0.353 1.164 0.078 0.023 0.877 0.082 0.162
Nevada 0.938 0.051 0.241 1.017 0.034 0.619 0.982 0.133 0.894 0.823 0.101 0.113
Major Teaching Hospital 1.013 0.029 0.655 1.063 0.029 0.024 0.987 0.053 0.800 0.862 0.068 0.059
Other Teaching Hospital 1.007 0.018 0.700 1.005 0.019 0.810 1.053 0.035 0.117 0.955 0.057 0.435
Large Metropolitan 0.959 0.017 0.021 1.009 0.021 0.669 1.068 0.040 0.078 0.966 0.056 0.555
Non-Metropolitan 0.938 0.021 0.004 0.989 0.027 0.682 0.938 0.045 0.183 1.217 0.096 0.012
Less Than 100 Beds 0.951 0.018 0.006 0.948 0.024 0.037 0.988 0.042 0.769 0.737 0.052 0.000
250–499 Beds 1.021 0.019 0.267 1.036 0.020 0.065 1.040 0.032 0.204 1.081 0.054 0.122
500 or More 1.038 0.028 0.168 1.066 0.026 0.008 0.941 0.052 0.272 0.960 0.074 0.594
Number of Obs 799.000 799.000 798.000 799.000
Wald chi2(20) 44.490 59.440 36.070 45.740
Prob>chi2 0.001 0.000 0.015 0.001
Pseudo R2 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.009
11-State Medicare
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 0.998 0.004 0.610 1.003 0.005 0.582 0.985 0.007 0.033 1.016 0.013 0.220
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 1.011 0.006 0.074 1.014 0.007 0.036 0.997 0.012 0.784 1.029 0.021 0.165
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 0.857 0.082 0.107 0.811 0.089 0.056 0.684 0.134 0.052 1.898 0.618 0.049
New York 1.000 0.021 0.998 0.987 0.025 0.592 1.054 0.048 0.247 1.048 0.074 0.507
Massachusetts 1.016 0.032 0.619 1.007 0.037 0.844 1.053 0.061 0.372 1.020 0.098 0.833
Maryland 1.029 0.026 0.265 1.033 0.031 0.271 1.015 0.046 0.748 0.935 0.111 0.571
Virginia 0.989 0.028 0.684 0.991 0.030 0.777 1.037 0.061 0.539 1.017 0.102 0.867
West Virginia 1.014 0.048 0.767 1.019 0.075 0.796 1.148 0.097 0.103 1.050 0.164 0.754
South Carolina 0.902 0.039 0.017 0.961 0.042 0.355 1.083 0.089 0.334 0.878 0.124 0.356
Wisconsin 1.017 0.032 0.583 1.029 0.039 0.451 1.171 0.072 0.010 0.967 0.082 0.695
Missouri 1.031 0.027 0.249 1.002 0.032 0.951 1.124 0.063 0.037 0.980 0.095 0.830
Arizona 1.034 0.047 0.460 1.054 0.056 0.323 1.094 0.084 0.239 0.814 0.096 0.081
Nevada 0.885 0.049 0.028 0.946 0.037 0.154 0.957 0.133 0.752 0.866 0.135 0.356
Major Teaching Hospital 0.972 0.027 0.296 1.045 0.031 0.141 1.036 0.057 0.524 0.850 0.074 0.064
Other Teaching Hospital 0.990 0.018 0.579 0.995 0.019 0.800 1.050 0.035 0.141 0.924 0.061 0.235
Large Metropolitan 0.928 0.017 0.000 0.967 0.021 0.127 1.057 0.041 0.154 0.961 0.060 0.528
Non-Metropolitan 0.943 0.022 0.011 0.995 0.028 0.855 0.935 0.046 0.176 1.235 0.103 0.011
Less Than 100 Beds 0.962 0.018 0.037 0.952 0.025 0.065 0.968 0.043 0.463 0.765 0.060 0.001
250–499 Beds 1.038 0.019 0.036 1.040 0.021 0.049 1.049 0.034 0.140 1.088 0.060 0.127
500 or More 1.050 0.027 0.053 1.064 0.027 0.016 0.930 0.053 0.203 0.946 0.082 0.517
Number of Obs 799.000 791.000 798.000 799.000
Wald chi2(20) 52.230 39.840 35.760 40.430
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.005 0.016 0.004
Pseudo R2 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.009
National MedPAR
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 1.002 0.002 0.314 1.001 0.002 0.674 0.994 0.003 0.050 1.003 0.005 0.558
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 0.985 0.047 0.752 0.900 0.052 0.068 0.957 0.096 0.659 1.858 0.325 0.000
Alabama 0.964 0.025 0.153 0.987 0.031 0.673 1.100 0.067 0.117 0.993 0.091 0.940
Alaska 1.074 0.149 0.607 1.035 0.111 0.750 0.946 0.100 0.599 1.422 0.290 0.084
Arizona 0.986 0.031 0.640 1.003 0.041 0.942 1.047 0.065 0.458 0.956 0.098 0.664
Arkansas 0.975 0.034 0.469 0.998 0.038 0.960 1.026 0.057 0.645 1.068 0.133 0.596
Colorado 1.002 0.032 0.939 1.029 0.040 0.457 1.012 0.100 0.905 0.973 0.127 0.833
Connecticut 0.998 0.033 0.941 0.996 0.040 0.913 1.032 0.058 0.580 0.941 0.099 0.559
Delaware 0.895 0.026 0.000 0.903 0.059 0.121 1.163 0.076 0.020 1.040 0.172 0.813
District of Columbia 1.051 0.055 0.340 1.024 0.072 0.742 1.014 0.116 0.904 0.871 0.168 0.474
Florida 0.965 0.017 0.048 0.977 0.024 0.345 1.013 0.040 0.738 0.976 0.065 0.710
Georgia 1.003 0.026 0.916 1.008 0.034 0.803 1.030 0.053 0.568 1.042 0.095 0.653
Hawaii 0.992 0.049 0.874 1.021 0.058 0.713 0.973 0.111 0.812 0.905 0.206 0.660
Idaho 0.987 0.045 0.776 1.043 0.080 0.578 1.083 0.124 0.483 1.130 0.212 0.515
Illinois 1.002 0.022 0.927 1.007 0.025 0.793 0.997 0.042 0.937 0.910 0.067 0.200
Indiana 0.987 0.027 0.631 0.995 0.034 0.884 1.033 0.047 0.474 1.035 0.090 0.695
Iowa 0.998 0.037 0.947 1.046 0.052 0.366 1.039 0.070 0.572 1.041 0.129 0.746
Kansas 1.029 0.046 0.513 1.060 0.050 0.216 1.066 0.074 0.355 1.103 0.130 0.406
Kentucky 0.990 0.030 0.732 1.014 0.041 0.733 1.034 0.054 0.524 1.017 0.095 0.860
Louisiana 0.924 0.025 0.004 0.932 0.033 0.049 1.006 0.051 0.907 1.023 0.082 0.778
Maine 1.036 0.037 0.314 1.013 0.061 0.825 1.111 0.105 0.266 1.199 0.179 0.223
Maryland 1.002 0.034 0.951 1.015 0.037 0.679 0.997 0.045 0.950 0.962 0.114 0.745
Massachusetts 0.985 0.027 0.598 1.019 0.036 0.592 1.012 0.057 0.837 1.001 0.097 0.990
Michigan 0.986 0.022 0.541 1.000 0.028 0.988 0.979 0.046 0.650 0.991 0.076 0.909
Minnesota 1.022 0.029 0.434 1.024 0.035 0.487 1.093 0.080 0.225 1.026 0.104 0.799
Mississippi 0.962 0.034 0.274 0.978 0.040 0.594 1.083 0.101 0.393 1.113 0.163 0.466
Missouri 1.035 0.027 0.188 1.014 0.033 0.675 1.058 0.057 0.291 1.041 0.093 0.654
Montana 1.011 0.056 0.845 1.040 0.094 0.661 1.025 0.100 0.799 1.024 0.323 0.939
Nebraska 0.987 0.038 0.731 0.975 0.061 0.682 1.126 0.119 0.261 0.976 0.183 0.895
Nevada 0.938 0.050 0.231 0.950 0.050 0.329 0.911 0.099 0.390 0.958 0.125 0.742
New Hampshire 1.033 0.044 0.441 1.057 0.061 0.335 0.988 0.103 0.907 0.867 0.152 0.416
New Jersey 1.020 0.024 0.396 1.009 0.028 0.756 1.037 0.055 0.492 0.928 0.074 0.354
New Mexico 0.998 0.056 0.971 1.021 0.069 0.754 1.073 0.084 0.372 0.873 0.152 0.436
New York 0.974 0.020 0.182 0.991 0.022 0.691 0.985 0.039 0.706 1.016 0.070 0.821
North Carolina 0.950 0.026 0.060 0.976 0.031 0.435 0.994 0.049 0.905 1.072 0.102 0.464
North Dakota 0.973 0.056 0.628 1.045 0.064 0.468 1.062 0.135 0.638 1.250 0.314 0.374
Ohio 0.993 0.019 0.726 1.006 0.024 0.785 1.017 0.039 0.659 0.930 0.065 0.299
Oklahoma 0.947 0.030 0.082 0.965 0.039 0.374 1.043 0.063 0.482 1.018 0.174 0.915
Oregon 1.003 0.038 0.945 1.034 0.050 0.492 1.016 0.085 0.846 1.110 0.136 0.392
Pennsylvania 1.018 0.020 0.343 1.017 0.023 0.446 0.990 0.036 0.784 1.006 0.071 0.928
Rhode Island 1.019 0.028 0.494 1.016 0.052 0.757 0.971 0.105 0.787 0.923 0.103 0.472
South Carolina 0.936 0.038 0.106 0.978 0.038 0.570 1.028 0.081 0.725 0.987 0.115 0.908
South Dakota 1.003 0.040 0.938 1.104 0.089 0.220 1.074 0.107 0.473 1.059 0.208 0.771
Tennessee 0.955 0.027 0.105 0.962 0.031 0.221 1.040 0.053 0.436 1.004 0.092 0.963
Texas 0.944 0.019 0.003 0.968 0.023 0.166 1.017 0.043 0.697 1.066 0.071 0.336
Utah 1.008 0.048 0.870 1.062 0.081 0.431 1.054 0.104 0.592 1.051 0.144 0.719
Vermont 1.008 0.057 0.890 0.988 0.083 0.884 1.088 0.177 0.606 1.060 0.338 0.855
Virginia 0.991 0.026 0.717 1.009 0.031 0.771 0.999 0.053 0.984 1.006 0.092 0.945
Washington 0.993 0.030 0.828 0.996 0.039 0.910 1.013 0.074 0.858 0.976 0.090 0.792
West Virginia 0.976 0.039 0.550 0.987 0.048 0.786 1.049 0.067 0.456 1.007 0.124 0.956
Wisconsin 0.997 0.027 0.912 1.034 0.036 0.340 1.088 0.057 0.110 0.961 0.077 0.620
Wyoming 1.134 0.073 0.052 1.134 0.120 0.236 0.970 0.132 0.825 1.200 0.274 0.424
Major Teaching Hospital 0.962 0.016 0.017 1.013 0.018 0.451 1.005 0.031 0.869 0.858 0.042 0.002
Other Teaching Hospital 0.975 0.008 0.002 0.998 0.010 0.877 1.009 0.017 0.609 0.946 0.028 0.059
Large Metropolitan 0.939 0.009 0.000 0.961 0.011 0.000 1.039 0.019 0.041 1.003 0.032 0.918
Non-Metropolitan 0.967 0.011 0.003 0.979 0.014 0.135 1.007 0.022 0.740 0.978 0.039 0.585
Less Than 100 Beds 0.947 0.011 0.000 0.942 0.014 0.000 0.987 0.023 0.559 0.890 0.036 0.004
250–499 Beds 1.045 0.009 0.000 1.036 0.011 0.001 1.028 0.018 0.111 1.061 0.033 0.054
500 or More 1.068 0.016 0.000 1.064 0.017 0.000 0.935 0.027 0.019 1.023 0.049 0.628
Number of Obs 3,357.000 3,336.000 3,357.000 3,354.000
Wald chi2(20) 194.360 100.920 39.820 81.890
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.001 0.974 0.026
Pseudo R2 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.004
Sepsis Shock/Cardiac Arrest
11-State All Patient
Robust Robust
IRR Std. Err. P>z IRR Std. Err. P>z
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 0.993 0.007 0.312 0.996 0.012 0.708
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 1.007 0.013 0.608 1.015 0.017 0.384
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 1.394 0.279 0.097 0.486 0.143 0.014
New York 0.908 0.038 0.021 0.953 0.055 0.407
Massachusetts 0.969 0.061 0.622 1.020 0.139 0.885
Maryland 0.938 0.050 0.229 1.036 0.069 0.597
Virginia 0.964 0.067 0.604 0.976 0.093 0.796
West Virginia 1.074 0.105 0.462 0.988 0.140 0.930
South Carolina 1.107 0.077 0.143 1.032 0.093 0.728
Wisconsin 1.008 0.061 0.896 1.128 0.085 0.110
Missouri 1.036 0.052 0.479 1.058 0.083 0.475
Arizona 1.082 0.074 0.249 1.197 0.131 0.100
Nevada 1.061 0.120 0.604 1.179 0.136 0.152
Major Teaching Hospital 1.207 0.057 0.000 1.182 0.084 0.019
Other Teaching Hospital 1.042 0.034 0.211 0.999 0.048 0.976
Large Metropolitan 1.075 0.036 0.028 1.133 0.058 0.014
Non-Metropolitan 0.928 0.046 0.132 1.059 0.070 0.383
Less Than 100 Beds 0.839 0.037 0.000 0.949 0.062 0.425
250–499 Beds 1.071 0.035 0.037 1.083 0.052 0.096
500 or More 1.100 0.052 0.043 1.003 0.072 0.966
Number of Obs 799.000 798.000
Wald chi2(20) 166.150 33.510
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.030
Pseudo R2 0.022 0.006
11-State Medicare
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 0.989 0.008 0.170 0.995 0.011 0.651
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 1.012 0.014 0.392 1.026 0.018 0.159
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 1.105 0.233 0.636 0.403 0.114 0.001
New York 0.922 0.041 0.064 0.926 0.057 0.210
Massachusetts 1.043 0.071 0.531 1.078 0.163 0.621
Maryland 1.004 0.058 0.944 1.016 0.074 0.828
Virginia 0.943 0.067 0.410 0.899 0.084 0.251
West Virginia 1.254 0.130 0.030 0.970 0.156 0.851
South Carolina 1.108 0.085 0.183 0.972 0.088 0.754
Wisconsin 1.007 0.070 0.917 1.089 0.089 0.295
Missouri 1.096 0.062 0.104 1.016 0.089 0.853
Arizona 1.049 0.082 0.543 1.216 0.143 0.096
Nevada 1.017 0.157 0.913 0.877 0.113 0.307
Major Teaching Hospital 1.246 0.064 0.000 1.197 0.096 0.024
Other Teaching Hospital 1.069 0.039 0.065 0.966 0.049 0.498
Large Metropolitan 1.065 0.037 0.072 1.057 0.056 0.295
Non-Metropolitan 0.908 0.051 0.082 1.100 0.077 0.169
Less Than 100 Beds 0.833 0.041 0.000 0.967 0.060 0.583
250–499 Beds 1.092 0.039 0.014 1.171 0.058 0.001
500 or More 1.130 0.058 0.017 1.042 0.084 0.608
Number of Obs 799.000 798.000
Wald chi2(20) 157.220 45.610
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.001
Pseudo R2 0.025 0.009
National MedPAR
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day 0.994 0.003 0.094 1.001 0.004 0.868
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours 1.237 0.137 0.056 0.663 0.093 0.004
Alabama 1.134 0.070 0.041 0.931 0.070 0.342
Alaska 1.248 0.262 0.291 1.051 0.278 0.850
Arizona 1.011 0.069 0.868 1.035 0.093 0.707
Arkansas 1.162 0.094 0.064 1.007 0.097 0.941
Colorado 1.000 0.068 0.995 1.011 0.100 0.914
Connecticut 0.988 0.080 0.880 0.982 0.101 0.863
Delaware 0.897 0.108 0.369 0.899 0.205 0.639
District of Columbia 0.882 0.082 0.176 1.108 0.250 0.649
Florida 0.981 0.036 0.592 0.962 0.054 0.496
Georgia 1.030 0.053 0.568 1.003 0.066 0.959
Hawaii 1.109 0.134 0.389 0.928 0.135 0.606
Idaho 1.207 0.154 0.139 1.124 0.205 0.520
Illinois 0.971 0.042 0.494 1.007 0.057 0.906
Indiana 1.016 0.056 0.773 0.961 0.074 0.609
Iowa 1.022 0.069 0.749 1.056 0.093 0.536
Kansas 1.211 0.103 0.025 0.985 0.112 0.896
Kentucky 1.043 0.068 0.515 0.990 0.088 0.908
Louisiana 1.036 0.055 0.501 0.961 0.069 0.578
Maine 1.236 0.108 0.015 1.090 0.164 0.567
Maryland 0.965 0.058 0.552 0.999 0.075 0.988
Massachusetts 0.942 0.051 0.269 0.957 0.076 0.583
Michigan 0.875 0.040 0.004 0.959 0.062 0.517
Minnesota 0.976 0.074 0.749 0.924 0.061 0.229
Mississippi 1.124 0.090 0.144 0.967 0.091 0.718
Missouri 0.987 0.053 0.814 1.034 0.078 0.661
Montana 1.206 0.127 0.076 1.028 0.141 0.839
Nebraska 1.199 0.146 0.136 0.966 0.115 0.772
Nevada 0.894 0.072 0.164 0.933 0.138 0.638
New Hampshire 1.249 0.131 0.034 1.054 0.169 0.743
New Jersey 1.003 0.056 0.961 1.042 0.074 0.559
New Mexico 1.243 0.103 0.008 0.978 0.161 0.894
New York 0.868 0.033 0.000 0.971 0.048 0.551
North Carolina 0.955 0.051 0.387 0.981 0.064 0.764
North Dakota 1.109 0.111 0.303 0.994 0.165 0.973
Ohio 0.982 0.043 0.677 0.942 0.050 0.255
Oklahoma 1.031 0.088 0.721 1.011 0.110 0.920
Oregon 1.131 0.103 0.174 1.064 0.109 0.543
Pennsylvania 0.978 0.040 0.576 0.995 0.053 0.920
Rhode Island 0.789 0.097 0.054 0.919 0.086 0.369
South Carolina 1.045 0.065 0.477 0.917 0.072 0.265
South Dakota 1.237 0.151 0.081 1.274 0.227 0.173
Tennessee 1.037 0.067 0.567 0.903 0.067 0.169
Texas 1.019 0.043 0.651 0.969 0.047 0.509
Utah 0.967 0.091 0.724 0.954 0.149 0.761
Vermont 1.165 0.140 0.203 0.923 0.141 0.599
Virginia 1.051 0.059 0.383 0.964 0.071 0.622
Washington 1.041 0.073 0.567 0.997 0.096 0.974
West Virginia 1.117 0.110 0.265 0.976 0.095 0.803
Wisconsin 1.061 0.065 0.333 1.037 0.078 0.624
Wyoming 1.650 0.411 0.044 1.238 0.360 0.464
Major Teaching Hospital 1.231 0.035 0.000 1.107 0.045 0.012
Other Teaching Hospital 1.038 0.019 0.037 0.988 0.023 0.618
Large Metropolitan 1.067 0.020 0.001 1.002 0.025 0.933
Non-Metropolitan 0.868 0.022 0.000 0.951 0.029 0.103
Less Than 100 Beds 0.876 0.024 0.000 0.981 0.032 0.555
250–499 Beds 1.129 0.021 0.000 1.050 0.025 0.044
500 or More 1.207 0.031 0.000 1.033 0.041 0.415
Number of Obs 3,351.000 3,355.000
Wald chi2(20) 644.570 37.790
Prob>chi2 0.000 0.986
Pseudo R2 0.027 0.002
Length of Stay Medical
11-state
Robust
Coef. Std. Err. P>t
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day −0.094 0.019 0.00
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 0.066 0.027 0.015
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours −1.410 0.435 0.001
New York 0.156 0.123 0.204
Massachusetts 0.095 0.100 0.341
Maryland 0.065 0.085 0.443
Virginia 0.479 0.119 0.000
West Virginia 0.584 0.262 0.026
South Carolina 0.298 0.104 0.004
Wisconsin 0.109 0.115 0.345
Missouri 0.267 0.133 0.044
Arizona −0.259 0.149 0.081
Nevada −0.255 0.317 0.422
Major Teaching Hospital 0.250 0.112 0.026
Other Teaching Hospital −0.022 0.071 0.759
Large Metropolitan 0.167 0.074 0.024
Non-Metropolitan −0.334 0.090 0.000
Less Than 100 Beds −0.241 0.089 0.007
250–499 Beds 0.181 0.071 0.010
500 or More 0.237 0.115 0.039
e2losmed 0.873 0.057 0.000
Constant 2.175 0.561 0.000
Number of Obs 797.000
F(21, 775) 55.310
Prob>F 0.000
R-squared 0.690
Root MSE 0.828
Medicare
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day −0.141 0.024 0.000
AIDE Hours per Patient Day 0.097 0.037 0.009
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours −2.176 0.585 0.000
New York 0.316 0.178 0.076
Massachusetts −0.416 0.140 0.003
Maryland −0.158 0.133 0.234
Virginia 0.356 0.151 0.018
West Virginia 0.572 0.246 0.020
South Carolina 0.160 0.159 0.315
Wisconsin −0.031 0.130 0.810
Missouri 0.170 0.168 0.311
Arizona −0.972 0.234 0.000
Nevada −0.563 0.361 0.118
Major Teaching Hospital 0.573 0.199 0.004
Other Teaching Hospital 0.057 0.100 0.565
Large Metropolitan 0.279 0.096 0.004
Non-Metropolitan −0.424 0.120 0.000
Less Than 100 Beds −0.466 0.113 0.000
250–499 Beds 0.230 0.099 0.020
500 or More 0.112 0.188 0.550
e2losmed 0.800 0.065 0.000
Constant 3.955 0.704 0.000
Number of Obs 797.000
F(21, 775) 53.210
Prob>F 0.000
R-squared 0.636
Root MSE 1.129
Medpar
LICENSED Hours per Patient Day −0.054 0.010 0.000
RN Hours/LICENSED Hours −0.818 0.248 0.001
Alabama −0.033 0.143 0.815
Alaska −0.166 0.415 0.689
Arizona −0.267 0.123 0.030
Arkansas 0.105 0.167 0.528
Colorado −0.083 0.149 0.578
Connecticut −0.048 0.253 0.850
Delaware −1.030 0.904 0.255
District of Columbia −0.467 0.397 0.239
Florida −0.290 0.109 0.008
Georgia 0.196 0.218 0.368
Hawaii −0.513 0.483 0.289
Idaho 0.398 0.216 0.065
Illinois −0.082 0.112 0.460
Indiana −0.059 0.119 0.623
Iowa 0.397 0.164 0.016
Kansas 0.233 0.189 0.217
Kentucky −0.069 0.138 0.619
Louisiana −0.504 0.174 0.004
Maine 0.349 0.206 0.089
Maryland −0.439 0.138 0.002
Massachusetts −1.174 0.184 0.000
Michigan −0.150 0.124 0.226
Minnesota −0.309 0.131 0.018
Mississippi 0.312 0.179 0.081
Missouri 0.167 0.137 0.223
Montana 0.404 0.247 0.102
Nebraska −0.176 0.177 0.320
Nevada −0.801 0.177 0.000
New Hampshire −0.133 0.199 0.506
New Jersey −0.272 0.252 0.280
New Mexico 0.160 0.148 0.280
New York −0.662 0.238 0.005
North Carolina −0.055 0.130 0.674
North Dakota −0.193 0.195 0.324
Ohio 0.031 0.112 0.784
Oklahoma −0.218 0.171 0.201
Oregon 0.335 0.134 0.012
Pennsylvania −0.205 0.143 0.153
Rhode Island −0.597 0.267 0.026
South Carolina −0.272 0.157 0.083
South Dakota 0.599 0.205 0.004
Tennessee −0.033 0.185 0.858
Texas −0.261 0.218 0.232
Utah 0.078 0.190 0.681
Vermont 0.187 0.241 0.440
Virginia −0.029 0.131 0.824
Washington −0.536 0.111 0.000
West Virginia −0.177 0.132 0.180
Wisconsin 0.158 0.108 0.146
Wyoming 0.592 0.221 0.007
Major Teaching Hospital 0.340 0.100 0.001
Other Teaching Hospital −0.031 0.047 0.516
Large Metropolitan 0.177 0.063 0.005
Non-Metropolitan −0.249 0.077 0.001
Less Than 100 Beds −0.281 0.078 0.000
250–499 Beds 0.214 0.048 0.000
500 or More 0.315 0.102 0.002
e2losmed 0.940 0.049 0.000
Constant 1.296 0.382 0.001
Number of Obs 3,354.000
F(21, 775) 70.020
Prob>F 0.000
R-squared 0.535
Root MSE 1.242