Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Independent Variables
| N | Mean | S.D. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||
| Race – White | 93,386 | 0.892 | – |
| Race – Black | 93,386 | 0.070 | – |
| Race – Other | 93,386 | 0.038 | – |
| Male | 93,386 | 0.509 | – |
| Age 65–69 | 93,386 | 0.206 | – |
| Age 70–74 | 93,386 | 0.239 | – |
| Age 75–79 | 93,386 | 0.214 | – |
| Age 80–84 | 93,386 | 0.182 | – |
| Age 85–89 | 93,386 | 0.109 | – |
| Age 90 and older | 93,386 | 0.050 | – |
| Hospital Characteristics | |||
| Government | 93,386 | 0.081 | – |
| For-profit | 93,386 | 0.119 | – |
| Not-for-profit | 93,386 | 0.800 | – |
| Teaching | 93,386 | 0.292 | – |
| Bed Size ≤150 | 93,386 | 0.134 | – |
| Bed Size 151–300 | 93,386 | 0.335 | – |
| Bed Size 301–500 | 93,386 | 0.317 | – |
| Bed Size >500 | 93,386 | 0.214 | – |
| Managed Care Activity | |||
| HMO penetration – low | 93,386 | 0.128 | – |
| HMO penetration – medium | 93,386 | 0.334 | – |
| HMO penetration – high | 93,386 | 0.538 | – |
| HMO competition – low | 93,386 | 0.210 | – |
| HMO competition – medium | 93,386 | 0.425 | – |
| HMO competition – high | 93,386 | 0.365 | – |
| Market Control Variables | |||
| Hospital competition – low | 93,386 | 0.076 | – |
| Hospital competition – medium | 93,386 | 0.393 | – |
| Hospital competition – high | 93,386 | 0.531 | – |
| MSA Size ≤500K | 93,386 | 0.214 | – |
| MSA Size > 500K &≤1M | 93,386 | 0.179 | – |
| MSA Size > 1M & ≤2.5M | 93,386 | 0.324 | – |
| MSA Size > 2.5M | 93,386 | 0.283 | – |
| Unemployment rate | 93,386 | 5.603 | 1.93 |
| MSA average income | 93,386 | 23771.480 | 4,094 |
| Pop > 65 years | 93,386 | 13.067 | 3.618 |
| AAPCC 1987 | 93,386 | 221.107 | 41.608 |
| Wage Index | 93,386 | 101.046 | 14.617 |