Table 3.

Effects of HMO Penetration and HMO Competition on Treatments

	Any Primary	Echo	Stress	Smoking Cessation Counseling	ln(LOS)
HMO penetration – medium	1.067	0.901	0.863	1.066	−0.015
	[1.16]	[1.29]	[1.41]	[0.71]	[0.80]
HMD penetration – high	1.014	0.925	0.943	1.322**	−0.006
	[0.25]	[0.96]	[0.55]	[3.07]	[0.29]
HMO competition – medium	1.125**	0.992	0.961	1.017	−0.072**
	[2.58]	[0.13]	[0.48]	[0.24]	[4.37]
HMO competition – high	1.185**	1.125	1.015	0.84	−0.120**
	[2.76]	[1.42]	[0.13]	[1.92]	[5.40]
Hospital competition – medium	1.093	1.014	1.046	1.017	0.038
	[1.39]	[0.15]	[0.40]	[0.17]	[1.84]
Hospital competition – high	1.341**	0.899	0.905	0.889	−0.055
	[3.16]	[0.85]	[0.66]	[0.85]	[1.87]
Government	1.031	0.935	0.94	1.03	−0.027
	[0.58]	[1.03]	[0.74]	[0.38]	[1.47]
For-Profit	0.968	0.855**	0.774**	0.825**	0
	[0.76]	[2.71]	[3.31]	[2.87]	[0.03]
Teaching	0.923*	0.999	1.134*	0.982	0.023
	[2.02]	[0.03]	[2.06]	[0.31]	[1.84]
Bed Size 151–300	0.949	1.144**	1.255**	1.082	0.087**
	[1.31]	[2.68]	[3.49]	[1.18]	[5.86]
Bed Size 301–500	0.866**	1.04	1.159*	1.184*	0.114**
	[3.41]	[0.71]	[2.05]	[2.47]	[7.48]
Bed Size > 500	0.747**	0.949	1.122	1.063	0.119**
	[5.51]	[0.79]	[1.32]	[0.71]	[6.69]
Observations	93,386	93,386	93,386	14,245	93,386
Pseudo R2/Adjusted R2	0.136	0.033	0.063	0.042	0.143

Robust z/t-statistics in brackets.

^*significant at 5%;

^**significant at 1%.

Models with binary dependent variables estimated using maximum likelihood logit-odds ratios shown.

Models with continous dependent variables estimated using OLS-coefficients shown.