Table 5.

Effects of HMO Penetration and Competition on Costs and Outcomes

	Costs			Outcomes
	ln(admission)	ln(30day)	ln(l year)	30-Day Mortality	1-Year Mortality
HMO penetration – medium	−0.007	0.001	−0.011	1.063	1.027
	[0.28]	[0.05]	[0.39]	[1.33]	[0.68]
HMO penetration – high	−0.035	−0.024	−0.054	1.022	1.007
	[1.26]	[0.89]	[1.81]	[0.45]	[0.17]
HMO competition – medium	0.027	0.029	0.013	1.06	1.043
	[1.25]	[1.38]	[0.60]	[1.54]	[1.41]
HMO competition – high	0.111**	0.119**	0.082*	0.994	1.01
	[3.02]	[3.32]	[2.46]	[0.12]	[0.25]
Hospital competition – medium	0.066	0.057	0.057	1.062	1.02
	[1.92]	[1.73]	[1.56]	[1.30]	[0.45]
Hospital competition – high	−0.013	−0.019	0.028	1.024	0.983
	[0.24]	[0.37]	[0.54]	[0.34]	[0.29]
Government	0.021	0.025	0.032	1.085	1.079*
	[0.99]	[1.21]	[1.60]	[1.91]	[2.50]
For-Profit	0.032	0.034	0.052*	0.969	1.008
	[1.65]	[1.79]	[2.58]	[0.86]	[0.26]
Teaching	0.096**	0.095**	0.102**	0.927*	0.96
	[4.84]	[4.93]	[5.01]	[2.55]	[1.64]
Bed Size 151–300	0.056**	0.049**	0.055**	0.882**	0.937*
	[3.29]	[2.90]	[2.86]	[3.63]	[2.18]
Bed Size 301–500	0.089**	0.075**	0.083**	0.820**	0.894**
	[4.20]	[3.60]	[3.46]	[5.31]	[3.49]
Bed Size >500	0.180**	0.156**	0.156**	0.770**	0.835**
	[7.65]	[6.69]	[6.10]	[6.21]	[5.08]
Observations	93,386	93,385	56,340	93,386	93,386
Adjusted/Pseudo R2	0.140	0.140	0.130	0.320	0.266

Robust t/z-statistics in brackets.

^*significant at 5%;

^**significant at 1%.

Cost models estimated using OLS and coefficients shown.

Outcome models estimated using maximum likelihood logit and odds ratios shown.