Table 1.
Hospital Characteristics in Selected Study Years
| 1994 | 1996 | 1998 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of nonfederal general surgical hospitals | 4,991 | 4,888 | 4,772 |
| Number of study hospitals matched to patients | 4,226 | 4,169 | 3,650 |
| With low-integration hospital–physician affiliations | 44.2* | 51.7* | 49.6* |
| With independent practice associations (IPAs) | 23.5 | 28.0 | 23.8 |
| With physician–hospital organizations (PHOs) | 30.3 | 37.6 | 35.7 |
| With high-integration hospital–physician affiliations | 41.3 | 50.0 | 45.3 |
| With management services organizations (MSOs) | 17.7 | 26.2 | 21.3 |
| With integrated service models (ISMs) | 17.8 | 22.7 | 24.8 |
| With medical foundations | 13.9 | 15.3 | 8.6 |
| With equity models | 2.7 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
| With group practices without walls (GPWWs) | 7.3 | 8.3 | 5.4 |
| With any hospital–physician affiliations | 61.7 | 70.2 | 68.7 |
| Less than 100 beds | 59.8 | 63.1 | 64.3 |
| For profit | 10.8 | 11.7 | 11.8 |
| Local government | 26.7 | 27.3 | 26.1 |
| In multihospital systems | 45.5 | 50.6 | 54.4 |
| Religious | 12.3 | 11.7 | 12.0 |
| Contract managed | 15.4 | 15.5 | 15.8 |
| Teaching | 10.2 | 10.3 | 9.7 |
| With <5% HMO penetration in MSA or state (if rural) | 23.4 | 15.8 | 8.5 |
| With 5–15% HMO penetration | 32.1 | 25.6 | 15.9 |
| With 15–25% HMO penetration | 27.9 | 23.9 | 29.5 |
| With 25–35% HMO penetration | 7.9 | 19.5 | 24.5 |
| With more than 35% HMO penetration | 8.7 | 15.3 | 21.5 |
| Physicians per 1,000 in hospital area | 1.80 | 1.90 | 1.96 |
*
Figures expressed as percents.