Table 1.
Summary Statistics on Variables in the Analyses of Nursing Facility Staffing and Deficiencies
| Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation |
|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variables (N=60,283) | ||
| RN hours per resident-day | 0.52 | 0.72 |
| Professional staffing (RN+LPN) hours per resident-day | 1.24 | 1.02 |
| Nurse-aide hours per resident-day | 2.08 | 0.76 |
| Number of deficiencies per survey | 5.43 | 5.65 |
| Policy Variables (N=60,283) | ||
| PPS (=0, .25, .5, .75 corresponding to phase of PPS rates) | 0.19 | 0.22 |
| BBRA (=1 on or after April 1, 2000) | 0.17 | 0.38 |
| Time Trend (N=60,283) | ||
| Year 1996/97 (reference category) | 0.31 | 0.46 |
| Year 1998 (yes=1) | 0.23 | 0.42 |
| Year 1999 (yes=1) | 0.23 | 0.42 |
| Year 2000 (yes=1) | 0.23 | 0.42 |
| Baseline Facility Characteristics (N=18,134) | ||
| Zero Medicare (reference category; no Medicare residents) | 0.20 | 0.40 |
| Very Low Medicare (more than 0% but less than or equal to 6%) | 0.28 | 0.45 |
| Low Medicare (more than 6% but less than or equal to 12%) | 0.30 | 0.46 |
| Medium Medicare (more than 12% but less than or equal to 25%) | 0.12 | 0.33 |
| High Medicare (more than 25% Medicare residents) | 0.10 | 0.30 |
| Nonprofit facility (reference category) | 0.28 | 0.45 |
| For-profit facility (yes=1) | 0.66 | 0.47 |
| Government facility (yes=1) | 0.06 | 0.24 |
| Chain facility (yes=1) | 0.53 | 0.50 |
| Hospital-based facility (yes=1) | 0.13 | 0.38 |
| Total number of beds | 106.77 | 74.80 |
| Percent private-pay (payer other than Medicare or Medicaid) | 25.02 | 21.64 |
| Facility offers ventilator care (yes=1) | 0.02 | 0.14 |
| Facility offers physical therapy (yes=1) | 0.97 | 0.11 |
| Facility offers occupational therapy (yes=1) | 0.95 | 0.21 |
| ADL index (range 3–21) | 10.18 | 1.59 |
| Skilled services index (range 0–4.4) | 0.20 | 0.27 |
| Percent of residents depressed | 0.25 | 0.18 |
| Percent of residents with psychiatric diagnosis | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| Percent of residents with dementia | 0.42 | 0.20 |
| Baseline County Characteristics (N=2,912) | ||
| High-competition county (HHI<0.12) | 0.08 | 0.27 |
| Low-competition county (HHI>0.5) | 0.49 | 0.50 |
| High-demand county (county occupancy rate>0.95) | 0.25 | 0.44 |
| Low-demand county (county occupancy rate<0.83) | 0.36 | 0.48 |
| Percent of people in poverty | 14.66 | 7.11 |
| Population (1,000) per square mile | 0.22 | 1.48 |
| Median household income ($1,000s) | 33.45 | 8.30 |