Table 3.

Negative Binomial Estimation of Effects of PPS and BBRA on Regulatory Deficiencies (N=60,283)

Variable	Estimated Effect on Number of Deficiencies
Constant	1.900***
	(0.082)
Policy Effects
PPS × Very Low Medicare	0.083
	(0.071)
PPS × Low Medicare	0.126*
	(0.072)
PPS × Medium Medicare	0.258***
	(0.083)
PPS × High Medicare	0.054
	(0.086)
BBRA × Very Low Medicare	−0.004
	(0.041)
BBRA × Low Medicare	−0.036
	(0.040)
BBRA × Medium Medicare	−0.117*
	(0.047)
BBRA × High Medicare	−0.014
	(0.057)
Main Effects/Time Trends
PPS	−0.114
	(0.072)
BBRA	0.022
	(0.036)
Very Low Medicare	0.021
	(0.021)
Low Medicare	0.044**
	(0.022)
Medium Medicare	0.023
	(0.026)
High Medicare	−0.438***
	(0.037)
Year 1998	0.067***
	(0.010)
Year 1999	0.235***
	(0.015)
Year 2000	0.312***
	(0.022)
Facility Characteristics
For-profit facility	0.153***
	(0.014)
Government facility	−0.028
	(0.024)
Chain facility	0.057***
	(0.011)
Hospital-based facility	−0.068***
	(0.023)
Total number of beds	0.00181***
	(0.00010)
Percent private-pay	−0.00467***
	(0.00029)
Facility offers ventilator care	0.111***
	(0.034)
Facility offers physical therapy	0.060
	(0.049)
Facility offers occupational therapy	−0.047*
	(0.027)
ADL index	0.0304***
	(0.0039)
Skilled services index	−0.171***
	(0.024)
Percent of residents depressed	−0.177***
	(0.026)
Percent of residents with psychiatric diagnosis	0.148***
	(0.034)
Percent of residents with dementia	−0.187***
	(0.028)
County Characteristics
High-competition county	0.042***
	(0.013)
Low-competition county	−0.049***
	(0.016)
High-demand county	−0.037***
	(0.014)
Low-demand county	0.048***
	(0.011)
Percent of people in poverty	0.0013
	(0.0015)
Population (1,000) per square mile	−0.0343***
	(0.0031)
Median household income ($1,000s)	−0.00146*
	(0.00084)

Notes: Regression uses state fixed effects. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

^*significant at 10%;

^**significant at 5%;

^***significant at 1%.