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. 2026 Aug 30;18(9):1093. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics18091093
AUC area under the curve
DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
EC ethyl cellulose
EE encapsulation efficiency
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ERL Eudragit RLPO
FTIR-MS Fourier-transform infrared micro spectroscopy
FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1
HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Lipo liposome
ICNP insulin-coated nanoparticle
IPC interpolymer complex
PEG polyethylene glycol
PAA polyacrylic acid
PEG-b-PLA polyethylene glycol-block-poly lactic acid
PDI polydispersity index
RBA relative bioavailability
RPB relative pharmacological bioavailability
SC sodium cholate
SGDC sodium glycodeoxycholate
SPC soybean phosphatidylcholine
SRCD Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism
TEER transepithelial electrical resistance
T1DM type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
TR146 human buccal carcinoma cell line model
Tmax time to maximum concentration