| AhR | aryl hydrocarbon receptor |
| ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| Ca2+ | calcium |
| BIA | bioelectrical impedance analysis |
| BMD | bone mineral density |
| BMMSCs | bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells |
| BMP2 | bone morphogenetic protein 2 |
| cAMP | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| DCs | dendritic cells |
| E-cadherin | epithelial cadherin |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| FXR | farnesoid X receptor |
| FMT | faecal microbiota transplantation |
| GALT | gut-associated lymphoid tissue |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GIP | glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide |
| GIPR | glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor |
| GLP-1 | glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| GLP-1R | glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor |
| GLP-2 | glucagon-like peptide-2 |
| GLP-2R | glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor |
| GPCR | G-protein-coupled receptor |
| HDAC | histone deacetylase |
| IAA | indole-3-acetic acid |
| IFN | interferon |
| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor-1 |
| IL | interleukin |
| ILC | innate lymphoid cell |
| ILC1 | innate lymphoid cell type 1 |
| ILC3 | innate lymphoid cell type 3 |
| IPA | indole-3-propionic acid |
| IRF | interferon regulatory factor |
| LCA | lithocholic acid |
| LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| Mg2+ | magnesium |
| MSC | mesenchymal stem cell |
| MyD88 | myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 |
| NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa B |
| NFATc1 | nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 |
| OPG | osteoprotegerin |
| PAMPs | pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
| P1NP | procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone |
| PRISMA | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses |
| PYY | peptide YY |
| RANKL | receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand |
| RXR | retinoid X receptor |
| SCFAs | short-chain fatty acids |
| SIBO | small intestinal bacterial overgrowth |
| Src | proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src |
| Th | T helper cell |
| Th1 | T helper 1 cell |
| Th17 | T helper 17 cell |
| TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
| TGR5 | Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 |
| TNF α | tumor necrosis factor α |
| Trp | tryptophan |
| TRIF | TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β |
| Tregs | regulatory T cells |
| VDR | vitamin D receptor |
| Wnt | Wingless-related integration site protein |
| ZO-1 | Zonula occludens-1 |
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