Table 1.
Quality Improvement Programs of the EMC and the GHC
| Year of Implementation | ExtraMural Clinic (Netherlands) | Group Health Cooperative (U.S.) |
|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Organizational interventions | — |
| • Recall system | ||
| • Diabetes registry | ||
| Professional interventions | ||
| • Clinical practice guidelines on structure of diabetes care and targets for glycemic control | ||
| • Educational meetings (12 per year) | ||
| • Audit and Feedback | ||
| 1994 | Professional interventions | — |
| • Educational meetings (12 per year) | ||
| • Audit and feedback | ||
| 1995 | Organizational intervention | Organizational interventions |
| • Annual extensive control visit carried out by research assistant | • Diabetes registry | |
| Professional interventions | • Clinical multidisciplinary teams | |
| • Clinical practice guideline on targets for blood lipids | Professional interventions | |
| • Educational meetings (4 per year) | • Clinical practice guidelines on retinal screening and foot care | |
| • Audit and feedback | • Educational outreach visits | |
| Educational meetings (10 per 3 years) | ||
| Audit and feedback | ||
| Patient-oriented intervention | ||
| • Self-management support | ||
| 1996 | Organizational intervention | Professional interventions |
| • Annual extensive control visit carried out by research assistant | • Clinical practice guideline on microalbuminuria screening | |
| Professional interventions | • Educational outreach visits | |
| • Educational meetings (4 per year) | • Educational meetings (10 per 3 years) | |
| • Audit and feedback | • Audit and feedback | |
| Patient-oriented intervention | ||
| • Self-management support | ||
| 1997 | — | Professional interventions |
| • Clinical practice guideline on glycemic management | ||
| • Educational outreach visits | ||
| • Educational meetings (10 per 3 years) | ||
| • Audit and feedback | ||
| Patient-oriented intervention | ||
| • Self-management support |