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. 2026 Sep 21;15(18):2889. doi: 10.3390/plants15182889
An Net photosynthetic rate
iWUE Intrinsic water use efficiency
gs Stomatal conductance
gm Mesophyll conductance
Topt Optimal temperature
Vcmax Maximum carboxylation rate
lm Mesophyll limitation
ls Stomatal limitation
lb Biochemical limitation
Fv/Fm Photochemical efficiency
CA Carbonic anhydrase
VPD Vapor pressure deficit
ΦPSII PSII photochemical efficiency
NPQ Non-photochemical quenching
ΦNPQ Quantum yields of regulated
Φf,D non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII
qL Fraction of open reaction centers
Ja Electron transport rate
Ci Intercellular CO2 concentration
Rn Net photosynthetic rate
Rd Day respiration rate
Cc Chloroplast carboxylation site
Ca Ambient CO2 concentrations
PAR Photosynthetically Active Radiation
gsc Stomatal conductance to CO2
Fo Minimum chlorophyll fluorescence
Fm Maximum chlorophyll fluorescence
Fm′ Maximum fluorescence in the light-adapted state
Fs Steady-state fluorescence in the light-adapted state
Fo′ Minimum fluorescence in the light-adapted state
Tleaf Leaf temperature
Γ* CO2 compensation point in the absence of mitochondrial respiration
gm/gs Ratio of mesophyll to stomatal conductance
Cc/Ca Ratio of chloroplastic to ambient CO2 concentration
Ci/Ca Ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration