Table 2.
Robust Least Squares Regression on Log Length of Stay (in Days) and Log Time (in Months) to Readmission, Adjusted and Unadjusted Ratios (eβ) (with 95% Confidence Intervals)
| Length of Stay Ratio | Time to Readmission Ratio | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Effect | Adjusted Effect | Unadjusted Effect | Adjusted Effect | |
| Mental and Neurological Illness | ||||
| Mental Illness Diagnosis and History | ||||
| SMI Acute Primary | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.32 (1.21, 1.44)*** | 1.14 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) |
| SMI Acute Secondary | 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.21)* | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) |
| SMI History | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88)*** | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.90)*** |
| OMI Acute | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94)*** | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.94)*** |
| OMI History | 0.91 (0.88 0.95)*** | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99)* |
| No MI History | — | — | — | — |
| HIV Dementia at or Prior to Visit | ||||
| Yes | 1.38 (1.22, 1.55)*** | 1.31 (1.13, 1.52)*** | 0.81 (0.68, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.33) |
| No | — | — | — | — |
| Other Patient-Visit Characteristics | ||||
| Opportunistic Infection Diagnoses at Visit | ||||
| Yes | 1.49 (1.46, 1.52)*** | 1.42 (1.38, 1.46)*** | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)*** | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) |
| No | — | — | — | — |
| Died in Hospital at Visit | ||||
| Yes | 1.46 (1.38, 1.55)*** | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35)*** | NA | NA |
| No | — | — | — | — |
| Substance Abuse Diagnosis at Visit | ||||
| Primary substance abuse | 0.49 (0.47, 0.51)*** | 0.57 (0.54, 0.60)*** | 1.45 (1.29, 1.63)*** | 1.49 (1.34, 1.66)*** |
| Secondary substance abuse | 0.85 (0.82, 0.89)*** | 0.87 (0.84, 0.90)*** | 1.16 (1.10, 1.23)*** | 1.17 (1.11, 1.24)*** |
| No substance abuse | — | — | — | — |
| PI/NNRTI Use at or before Visit | ||||
| Yes | 0.72 (0.69, 0.75)*** | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95)*** | 1.49 (1.38, 1.61)*** | 1.02 (0.90, 1.05) |
| No | — | — | — | — |
| Season of Admission for Visit | ||||
| Fall/Winter | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06)** | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06)* | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10)** | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11)*** |
| Spring/Summer | — | — | — | — |
| Year of Admission of Visit | ||||
| 1998 | 0.68 (0.63, 0.73)*** | 0.75 (0.69, 0.82)*** | 2.83 (2.47, 3.25)*** | 3.39 (2.81, 4.08)*** |
| 1997 | 0.68 (0.62, 0.74)*** | 0.74 (0.69, 0.80)*** | 2.59 (2.30, 2.91)*** | 3.00 (2.56, 3.52)*** |
| 1996 | 0.79 (0.75, 0.84)*** | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84)*** | 2.03 (1.84, 2.24)*** | 2.41 (2.10, 2.76)*** |
| 1995 | 0.91 (0.86, 0.97)** | 0.84 (0.80, 0.90)*** | 1.60 (1.45, 1.76)*** | 1.97 (1.74, 2.24)*** |
| 1994 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.96)*** | 1.57 (1.42, 1.73)*** | 1.84 (1.63, 2.08)*** |
| 1993 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 1.38 (1.25, 1.52)*** | 1.54 (1.37, 1.72)*** |
| 1992 | — | — | — | — |
| Other Patient Characteristics | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.90 – 1.01) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15)** |
| Male | — | — | — | — |
| Age at Initial Diagnosis of HIV Disease | ||||
| 18–29 years | 0.68 (0.63, 0.74)*** | 0.71 (0.66, 0.77)*** | 0.76 (0.66, 0.87)*** | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89)*** |
| 30–39 years | 0.79 (0.73, 0.85)*** | 0.80 (0.75, 0.86)*** | 0.82 (0.73, 0.92)** | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94)** |
| 40–49 years | 0.81 (0.75, 0.88)*** | 0.85 (0.80, 0.91)*** | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) |
| 50 years and older | — | — | — | — |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Latino | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14)* | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10)* | 0.79 (0.72, 0.88)*** | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90)*** |
| African American | 1.16 (1.12, 1.21)*** | 1.14 (1.09, 1.19)*** | 0.90 (0.84, 0.98)* | 0.91 (0.85, 0.99)* |
| Non-Latino white | — | — | — | — |
| Risk Group | ||||
| Missing | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) |
| IDU | 0.95 (0.91, 1.99)** | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13)* | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96)*** |
| Non-IDU | — | — | — | — |
| County of Residence at Initial Diagnosis of HIV Disease | ||||
| High Prevalence | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18)*** | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18)*** | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) |
| Elsewhere | — | — | — | — |
| Waiver Participation at Initial Diagnosis of HIV Disease | ||||
| ACCAP | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09)** | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08)* | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93)*** | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94)*** |
| Non-ACCAP | — | — | — | — |
| Medicare Enrollment at Initial Diagnosis of HIV Disease | ||||
| Medicare | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98)*** | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 1.88 (1.77, 1.99)*** | 1.82 (1.70, 1.95)*** |
| No Medicare | — | — | — | — |
| Year of Initial Diagnosis of HIV Disease | ||||
| 1995–1996 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.90)*** | 0.61 (0.52, 0.70)*** |
| 1993–1994 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00)* | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91)*** | 0.77 (0.69, 0.87)*** |
| 1990–1992 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99)* | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.18) |
| Before 1990 | — | — | — | — |
Note: Based on HIV-diagnosed persons aged 18 and older, receiving Medicaid with at least one inpatient stay between 1992 and 1998. Parameter estimates are based on robust ordinary least squares regression on log length of stay and log time in months to readmission. The regressions include an intercept term. The asterisks denote significant effects relative to the reference group:
***
p<0.001;
**
p<0.01;
*
p<0.05.
Abbreviations: AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; PI/NNRTI: Protease Inhibitor or Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; MI: Mental Illness; SMI: Severe Mental Illness; OMI: Other (non-severe) Mental Illness; OI: Opportunistic Infection; IDU: Injection Drug User; ACCAP: AIDS Community Care Alternatives Care Program; NA: Not applicable.