Skip to main content
. 2026 Aug 25;18(9):1054. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics18091054
ECM Extracellular matrix
ROS Reactive oxygen species
TGF-β Transforming growth factor-Beta
NF-κB Nuclear factor Kappa-B
PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Akt Protein kinase B
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
HIF-1α Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 Alpha
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
YAP Yes-associated protein
AgNPs Silver nanoparticles
AuNPs Gold nanoparticles
ZnO NPs Zinc oxide nanoparticles
CuNPs Copper nanoparticles
PVA Poly(vinyl alcohol)
PEG Poly(ethylene glycol)
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
XRD X-ray diffraction