ABCB1	ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (P-glycoprotein)
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ANDA	Abbreviated new drug application
AUC	Area under the plasma concentration–time curve
CDSCO	Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (India)
Cmax	Maximum plasma concentration
COMT	Catechol-O-methyltransferase
CRP	C-reactive protein
CYP	Cytochrome P450
DPP-4	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
EE	Encapsulation efficiency
EGCG	Epigallocatechin gallate
EMA	European Medicines Agency
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
FBG	Fasting blood glucose
FDA	(U.S.) Food and Drug Administration
FD&C Act	Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
G6Pase	Glucose-6-phosphatase
GACP	Good agricultural and collection practices
GI	Gastrointestinal
GLP-1/GLP-1R	Glucagon-like peptide-1/Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
GRAS	Generally recognised as safe
GSIS	Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
HbA1c	Glycated haemoglobin
HBD	Hydrogen-bond donor
HDAC1	Histone deacetylase 1
HFD	High-fat diet
HMPC	Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
IKKβ	Inhibitor of κB kinase β
IL-1β/IL-6	Interleukin-1 beta/Interleukin-6
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate-1
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LA:GA	Lactide:glycolide ratio
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MHCP	Methylhydroxychalcone polymer
MPS	Mononuclear phagocyte system
MRP2	Multidrug resistance protein 2
MW	Molecular weight
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-B
NLC	Nanostructured lipid carrier
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OGTT	Oral glucose tolerance test
PDX-1/NKX6.1/MafA	β-cell identity transcription factors
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
P-gp	P-glycoprotein
PI3K/Akt	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
PIP2/PIP3	Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate/Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate
PK/PD	Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic
PLGA	Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
PPAR-γ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPG	Postprandial glucose
RCT	Randomised controlled trial
RES	Reticuloendothelial system
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SGLT/SGLT1	Sodium-glucose co-transporter/Sodium-glucose co-transporter 1
SIRT1	Sirtuin-1
SLN	Solid lipid nanoparticle
SNEDDS	Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
STZ	Streptozotocin
SULT	Sulfotransferase
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
t½	Elimination half-life
TC	Total cholesterol
TG	Triglycerides
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor-alpha
TPP	Tripolyphosphate
UGT	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
UPR	Unfolded protein response
US	United States
W/O/W	Water-in-oil-in-water
[IV]	In vitro
[PC]	Preclinical
[CC]	Clinical-conventional
[CN]	Clinical nano
[Epi]	Epidemiological