4-HDA	4-hydroxyalkenals
β-gal	β-Galactosidase
AhR	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AIP	Atherogenic index of plasma
AKT	Protein kinase B
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AP-1	Activator protein-1
Apo A-I	Apolipoprotein AI
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase
AVLT	Auditory Verbal Learning Test
BAX	Bcl-2-associated X protein
BMI	Body mass index
BP	Blood pressure
BW	Body weight
CAD	Coronary artery disease
CAT	Catalase
CCR2	C-C motif chemokine receptor 2
CD	Cluster of differentiation
CGJ	Concord grape juice
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
CO	Cardiac output
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CRP	C-reactive protein
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
DAMPs	Damage-associated molecular patterns
DBP	Diastolic blood pressure
DHA	Docosahexaenoic acid
DOCA	Deoxycorticosterone acetate
EPA	Eicosapentaenoic acid
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
eWAT	Epididymal white adipose tissue
FBS	Fasting blood glucose
FFAs	Free fatty acids
FGF21	Fibroblast growth factor 21
FMD	Flow-mediated dilation
GAE	Gallic acid equivalents
GFR	Glomerular filtration rate
GIR	Glucose infusion rate
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
GPX	Glutathione peroxidase
GSEA	Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
GSF	Grape seed flour
GSIS	Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin
HC	Hip circumference
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HFD	High-fat diet
HFFD	High-fat-fructose diet
HFF	High-fat-fructose-fed
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1
HOMA-IR	homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
HR	Heart rate
HRC	High cardiovascular risk
HRV	Heart rate variability
HSCs	Hematopoietic stem cells
hsCRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HT	Hypertension
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IFN-γ	Interferon-gamma
IKK	Inhibitor of κB kinase
IκBα	Inhibitor of κB alpha
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IL-1R	Interleukin-1 receptor
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-10	Interleukin-10
IL17R	Interleukin 17 receptor
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IRS1	Insulin receptor substrate-1
ISO	Isoproterenol
JAK	Janus kinase
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LP	Phenolic-free grape flavored drink
LPF	Low-flavor intensity (essence) grape-flavored drink
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAP	Mean arterial pressure
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MBP	Mean blood pressure
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MI	Myocardial infarction
MMP3	Matrix metalloproteinase-3
MPO	Myeloperoxidase
MSCs	Mesenchymal stem cells
MT	Million tonnes
NAD	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NAMPT	Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3
NO	Nitric oxide
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
NPY	Neuropeptide Y
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OxLDL	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein
ORAC	Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PPARs	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
PTP-1B	Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
Q	Cardiac output
QUICKi	Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
RCT	Randomized controlled trial
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RPE	Retinal pigment epithelial cells
RT	Response time
SAA	Serum amyloid A
SASP	Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SBP	Systolic blood pressure
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
SHR	Spontaneously hypertensive rats
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1
SOCS3	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
STAT1	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
SV	Stroke volume
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TAC	Total antioxidant capacity
TBARS	Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
TEER	Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance
Th	T helper cell
TG	Triglycerides
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-beta
TGR5	Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5
TIMP-2	Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2
TLR	Toll-like receptors
TMA	Trimethylamine
TMAO	Trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TNFR1	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1
TPC	Total polyphenol content
Treg	Regulatory T cell
TVC	Total vasculature conductance
UA	Uric acid
USDA	United States Department of Agriculture
VAT	Visceral adipose tissue
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
VO2	Oxygen consumption
VSMCs	Vascular smooth muscle cells
WC	Waist circumference
WPF	Wine pomace fraction after colonic fermentation
WPG1	Wine pomace fraction after gastrointestinal digestion
ZO-1	Zonula occludens-1