Table 2.

Determinants of Long-term Care Expenditure in 15 OECD Countries from 1970 to 2000

	Model 1	Model 2: Final Model	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6: Final Model
	Inpatient Long-term Care Expenditure				Home Long-term Care Expenditure
Outcome (Dollars per Capita)¶Period	1970–2000	1976–2000			1980–2000	1990–2000
MF Ratio among Aged 75+ (%)	−0.046	−0.063			−0.306	−0.217
	(0.009)**	(0.012)**			(0.056)**	(0.054)**
MF Ratio among Aged 80+ (%)			−0.046
			(0.011)**
MF Ratio among Aged 65+ (%)				0.015
				(0.022)
Female Proportion in Total LFP (%)	−0.0969	0.0169	0.0247	0.0443	−0.0749	0.1113
	(0.0368)**	(0.0226)	(0.0260)	(0.0330)	(0.0861)	(0.1033)
Female LFP Rate (%)	0.037
	(0.019)
Full-time Employed Women (%)§		0.046	0.059	0.071	0.090	0.086
		(0.011)**	(0.012)**	(0.015)**	(0.030)**	(0.035)*
Public Funding: Inpatient LTC (%)	0.137	0.222	0.226	0.230	−0.201	−0.141
	(0.025)**	(0.020)**	(0.023)**	(0.025)**	(0.144)	(0.124)
Public Funding: Home LTC (%):					0.301	0.416
					(0.066)**	(0.069)**
Aged 65+ in Total Population (%)	0.164	0.280	0.317	0.381	0.313	0.417
	(0.043)**	(0.045)**	(0.048)**	(0.051)**	(0.239)	(0.205)
Income per Capita (dollar per capita)¶	−0.897	1.910	1.583	2.265	−3.347	−1.688
	(0.561)	(0.475)**	(0.587)**	(0.614)**	(1.416)*	(1.366)
Country/Obs.	15/242	15/189	15/190	15/188	8/63	8/53
Estimation Model	RE	FE	FE	FE	FE	FE

^¶Adjusted by purchasing power parity and the U.S. GDP deflator (1995=100), in natural log.

^§Proportion of full-time among all employed women.

MF ratio: Male-to-Female ratio, LFP: Labor Force Participation, LTC: Long-term Care, RE: Random Effects Models, FE: Fixed Effects Models.

Standard errors in parentheses,

^*Significant at 5%;

^**Significant at 1%.

Estimated coefficients of country and year fixed variables, included in all models, are available on request.