| AhR | aryl hydrocarbon receptor |
| CKD | chronic kidney disease |
| CRC | colorectal cancer |
| EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
| IAA | indole-3-acetic acid |
| IAD | indoleacetate decarboxylase |
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease |
| IS | indoxyl sulfate |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MDR1 | multidrug resistance protein 1 |
| PBUT | protein-bound uremic toxin |
| PFR | plug-flow reactor |
| SCFA | short-chain fatty acid |
| TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
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