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. 2026 Sep 13;26(18):5803. doi: 10.3390/s26185803
1D CNN One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network
CBF Conventional Beamforming
CC BY Creative Commons Attribution
CNN Convolutional Neural Network
DA-MUSIC Deep Augmented MUSIC
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DOA Direction of Arrival
DOF Degrees of Freedom
ESPRIT Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques
IoT Internet of Things
MSE Mean Squared Error
MUSIC Multiple Signal Classification
MVDR Minimum Variance Distortion Less Response
PSD Positive Semidefinite
PoR Probability of Resolution
RMSE Root Mean Square Error
Root-MUSIC Root-Multiple Signal Classification
SCM Sample Covariance Matrix
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SVM Support Vector Machine
TENN-DOA Toeplitz-Enhanced Neural Network for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation
TLS-ESPRIT Total Least-Squares ESPRIT
TS-MUSIC Toeplitz-Shrinkage MUSIC
UAMP Unitary Approximate Message Passing
ULA Uniform Linear Array