| SEM | Scanning electron microscope |
| XRD | X-ray diffraction |
| FTIR | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| Mont | Montmorillonite |
| Kao | Kaolinite |
| HA | Humic acid |
| P. p | Pseudomonas putida |
| HM | Heavy metal |
| AAS | Atomic absorption spectrometry |
| XAS | X-ray absorption spectroscopy |
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