Table 3.

Diabetes Quality Indicators by Type of Health Insurance in Persons under the Age of 65 Years

	Dilated Eye Exam in the Past Year		Foot Exam by Health Professional in the Past Year		HbA1c in the Past Year‡		Perform at Least Daily Blood Sugar Checks		Ever Had Diabetes Education
Characteristic	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Private	Reference
Medicare	1.1	0.7, 1.8	0.9	0.6, 1.4	1.7†	1.1, 2.7	1.0	0.7, 1.7	0.7	0.5, 1.1
Medicaid/IHS	1.1	0.6, 1.9	0.7	0.4, 1.3	0.8	0.4, 1.4	1.0	0.7, 1.7	0.7	0.4, 1.2
Uninsured	0.4*	0.3, 0.6	0.5†	0.3, 0.8	0.4*	0.3, 0.7	0.6†	0.4, 0.9	0.8	0.5, 1.3
Some VA	1.2	0.5, 2.7	1.1	0.5, 2.9	3.4	1.0, 11.8	1.2	0.6, 2.6	3.8*	1.8, 8.0
All VA	1.0	0.5, 2.0	2.2	0.9, 5.8	3.0	0.8, 11	0.7	0.3, 1.4	3.5†	1.6, 7.8
Female	1.2	1.0, 1.6	1.0	0.8, 1.3	1.0	0.7, 1.4	1.4†	1.0, 1.6	1.4†	1.1, 1.8
White	Reference
African American	1.3	1.0, 1.7	1.9*	1.4, 2.6	2.0†	1.3, 3.2	1.0	0.8, 1.3	1.5*	1.1, 1.9
Hispanic	0.8	0.5, 1.3	0.8	0.5, 1.2	2.0†	1.2, 3.2	0.3*	0.2, 0.4	0.9	0.6, 1.5
Other race	1.3	0.7, 2.2	1.9	1.0, 3.7	1.5	0.7, 3.1	0.9	0.5, 1.4	1.1	0.7, 1.9
<$15,000 annual income	0.7	0.4, 1.1	1.2	0.8, 1.9	0.5†	0.3, 0.8	1.2	0.8, 1.8	1.0	0.6, 1.4
$15–35,000 annual income	0.8	0.6, 1.1	1.1	0.8, 1.5	0.5*	0.3, 0.7	1.3	1.0, 1.7	1.2	0.9, 1.6
>$35,000 annual income	Reference
<High school education	0.9	0.6, 1.5	0.9	0.6, 1.4	0.7	0.4, 1.0	0.6†	0.5, 0.9	0.6†	0.4, 1.0
High school education	0.9	0.7, 1.1	0.9	0.7, 1.2	0.9	0.6, 1.2	0.9	0.7, 1.1	0.8	0.7, 1.0
>High school education	Reference
Insulin use	1.8*	1.4, 2.3	2.2*	1.7, 2.8	1.6†	1.1, 2.2	6.4*	4.9, 8.4	2.5*	2.0, 3.2

^*p<.001;

^†p<.05.

^‡Data available for n=5,271, compared with individuals who report no HbA1c testing in the previous year.

Note: OR >1 indicates a greater probability of receipt of quality care indicator as compared with the reference group.

HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IHS, Indian Health Service; VA, Veterans Affairs.