2A	2A peptide
5′-UTR	5′ untranslated region
3′-UTR	3′ untranslated region
APCs	Antigen-presenting cells
cDNA	Complementary DNA
CD4+	CD4-positive
CD8+	CD8-positive
ceRNA	Competing endogenous RNA
circRNA	Circular RNA
CIRC	Complete self-splicing intron
CVB3	Coxsackievirus B3
DCs	Dendritic cells
EDIII-Fc	Envelope domain III-Fc fusion protein
eIF4G	Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G
EV-A	Enterovirus A
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
HSV-2	Herpes simplex virus type 2
HTNV	Hantaan virus
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
IRES	Internal ribosome entry site
IRF3	Interferon regulatory factor 3
IVT	In vitro transcription
LNP	Lipid nanoparticle
LRC	Linear RNA self-circularization
M cells	Microfold cells
MALT	Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
MAVS	Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
MDA5	Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5
m6A	N6-methyladenosine
m7G	7-methylguanosine
MHC-I	Major histocompatibility complex class I
MHC-II	Major histocompatibility complex class II
miRNA	MicroRNA
N6-methyl-ATP	N6-methyladenosine triphosphate
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NLRs	NOD-like receptors
NS1	Non-structural protein 1
nsP1-nsP4	Non-structural proteins 1–4
NTP	Nucleoside triphosphate
ORF	Open reading frame
PABP	PolyA binding protein
PCBP	PolyC Binding Protein
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PIE	Permuted intron–exon
PKR	Protein kinase R
poly(A)	Polyadenosine tail
RdRP	RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RBD	Receptor binding domain
RIG-I	Retinoic acid-inducible gene I
RNase R	Ribonuclease R
saRNA	Self-amplifying RNA
SIgA	Secretory immunoglobulin A
ssRNA	Single-stranded RNA
T4 Rnl2	T4 RNA ligase 2
T4Td	T4 bacteriophage thymidylate synthase gene intron
TFF	Tangential flow filtration
TLR3	Toll-like receptor 3
TLR7/8	Toll-like receptor 7/8
tPA	Tissue-type plasminogen activator
WPRE	Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element
YTHDF3	YTH Domain Family Protein 3