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. 2026 Aug 22;13(9):848. doi: 10.3390/vetsci13090848
1H-MRS Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
IE Idiopathic epilepsy
IVETF International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force
TLE Temporal lobe epilepsy
NAA N-acetylaspartate
tCho Total choline (choline-containing compounds)
tCr Total creatine (creatine + phosphocreatine)
PRESS Point-RESolved Spectroscopy
CHESS Chemical-shift-selective (water suppression)
VOI Volume of interest
TR Repetition time
TE Echo time
ppm Parts per million
T Tesla
FLAIR Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
GRE Gradient-recalled echo
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
EEG Electroencephalography
IV Intravenous
IM Intramuscular
ANOVA Analysis of variance
ANCOVA Analysis of covariance
SD Standard deviation
CI Confidence interval
ARRIVE Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments