Table 2.

Managed Care Characteristics by Gender

	Women (%)	Men (%)	Significant p-Value*
Health plan managed care practices
Closed network of providers	71.6	70.2
Primary care provider required	64.8	68.3	.0157
Gatekeepers	64.0	68.6	.0010
Prior approval for treatment	71.7	69.4
Market characteristics
Low HMO competition†	20.8	21.1
Medium HMO competition	41.4	42.0
High HMO competition	37.7	36.9
Low HMO penetration‡	8.7	8.8	.0281
Medium HMO penetration	59.3	56.4	.0237
High HMO penetration	31.9	35.1
State-managed care regulations§
OB/GYN as primary care provider	76.5	79.0	.0476
Direct access to specialists	39.5	37.0

^*p-value derived from t-test of differences in proportions.

^†HMO penetration based on % population in MSA enrolled. Low (<25%), medium (25–40%), high (>40%).

^‡HMO Competition based on the number of HMOs in operating in the MSA. Low (<10), medium (11–15), high (16+).

^§State-level regulations based on the presence of regulation in the state in which the respondent resides.