Table 5.

Results of the Reduced Form Regression Analysis Estimating the Effect of Change in Distance to Primary Care on Other Types of Service Use and Costs

Variables†	Specialty Medical Encounters	Specialty Mental Encounters	Physical Health Admits	Mental Health Admits	Outpatient Cost	Inpatient Cost
Intercept	−4.84***	−0.18	−0.12	0.003	−7.49	−0.56
Change in distance	−0.67**	0.12*	−0.00	0.001	−0.00	0.00
Age	0.16***	0.03	0.00	−0.000	0.19***	0.01
Age squared	−0.00***	−0.00	0.00	0.000**	−0.00***	0.00
Male gender (-)	0.19	0.19	0.02	−0.016	−0.26	−0.03
Married	0.10	−0.16	−0.01	0.023***	0.21***	0.08*
Race
Caucasian (ref.)
African American	−0.22*	0.14	−0.03*	−0.027	0.22**	−0.18
Hispanic	−0.15	0.26	−0.03	−0.026*	0.38***	−0.17*
Unknown race	−1.16*	−0.78	−0.07	−0.051	−0.70*	−0.28
Percent service connect	−0.13**	−0.08	0.00	−0.000	0.03***	−0.01
Means test
Cat A, NSC (ref.)
Cat A, SC	0.20*	0.30	0.01	−0.001	0.43***	0.05
Cat C	−0.48*	0.06	−0.04**	−0.001	−0.78***	−0.10
Cat NA	−0.01	−0.70*	0.03*	−0.003	−1.71***	−0.06
DCG risk score	2.73***	−1.83***	0.32***	−0.148***	2.55***	−0.37*
DCG risk score squared	−1.57***	0.60***	−0.23***	0.043***	−1.14***	0.01
DCG risk score cubed	0.14***	−0.07***	0.02**	−0.004***	0.11***	−0.00

^†Parameter estimates for VISN fixed effects are not displayed.

^*p<.05;

^**p<.01';

^***p<.001.

DCG, Diagnostic Cost Group; VISN, Veterans Integrated Service Networks.