Table 1.
Summary Statistics of Outcome Variables and Regressors†
| Ownership Type | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For-Profit | Not-for-Profit | Public | |||||||||
| Variable Name | Definition | Full Sample, N =10,513 | MC=0, N =1,283 | MC=1, N =1,630 | MC=0, N =2,753 | MC=1, N =3,694 | MC=0, N =645 | MC=1, N =508 | |||
| Outcome Variables | |||||||||||
| Total services (26) | Total number of services offered at SAT facility | 13.70 (4.76) | 10.67 (4.44)*** | 12.88 (4.59) | 13.60 (4.68)*** | 14.78 (4.51) | 14.54 (4.54)*** | 15.58 (4.51) | |||
| Assessment services (2) | Number of assessment services offered at SAT facility (substance abuse assessment, mental health assessment) | 1.36 (0.58) | 1.18 (0.53*** | 1.50 (0.53) | 1.16 (0.60)*** | 1.47 (0.54) | 1.40 (0.60)*** | 1.58 (0.52) | |||
| Therapy/counseling services (6) | Number of therapy/counseling services offered at SAT facility (family, group, individual, pharmaco, relapse prevention, aftercare) | 4.58 (1.27) | 3.98 (1.37)*** | 4.76 (1.14) | 4.25 (1.31)*** | 4.90 (1.13) | 4.57 (1.31)*** | 5.04 (1.14) | |||
| Medical testing services (6) | Number of medical testing services offered at SAT facility (blood alcohol test, drug/alcohol urine screen, hepatitis, HIV, STD, TB) | 2.39 (1.96) | 1.85 (1.73)*** | 2.17 (1.96) | 2.30 (1.84)*** | 2.60 (2.01) | 2.84 (2.09) | 2.87 (2.12) | |||
| Transitional services (5) | Number of transitional services offered at SAT facility (asst obtaining social services, discharge planning, employment training, housing assistance, referral to other transitional srvcs) | 2.82 (1.51) | 1.94 (1.46)*** | 2.32 (1.37) | 3.13 (1.53)** | 3.04 (1.43) | 2.98 (1.42)*** | 3.22 (1.35) | |||
| Other ancillary services (7) | Number of other ancillary services offered at SAT facility (case management, child care, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS education, outcome follow-up, transportation asst, acupuncture) | 2.54 (1.65) | 1.72 (1.43) *** | 2.12 (1.53) | 2.75 (1.66) | 2.77 (1.65) | 2.76 (1.56) | 2.87 (1.57) | |||
| Regressors | |||||||||||
| MC | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility has agreements or contracts with managed care organizations to provide substance abuse treatment services | 0.55 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Focus: substance abuse | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if primary focus of facility is substance abuse treatment services | 0.62 | 0.73 *** | 0.55 | 0.70 *** | 0.58 | 0.58 *** | 0.49 | |||
| Focus: mental health | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if primary focus of facility is mental health services | 0.09 | 0.06 *** | 0.12 | 0.08 ** | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| Focus: general health | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if primary focus of facility is general health care | 0.02 | 0.00 ** | 0.01 | 0.01 *** | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |||
| Focus: mental health and substance abuse | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if focus of facility is a mix of mental health and substance abuse treatment services | 0.24 | 0.17 *** | 0.31 | 0.16 *** | 0.28 | 0.27 *** | 0.37 | |||
| Focus: other | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if primary focus of facility is “other” | 0.02 | 0.03 *** | 0.01 | 0.04 *** | 0.02 | 0.04 * | 0.02 | |||
| Hospital: general | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility is located in, or operated by, a general hospital | 0.10 | 0.01 *** | 0.05 | 0.05 *** | 0.19 | 0.07 *** | 0.15 | |||
| Hospital: psychiatric | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility is located in, or operated by, a psychiatric hospital | 0.02 | 0.01 *** | 0.06 | 0.01 *** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | |||
| Hospital: other specialty | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility is located in, or operated by, an “other” specialty hospital (e.g., alcoholism, maternity, etc.) | 0.01 | 0.00 *** | 0.01 | 0.00 *** | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
| Solo practice | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility is a private solo practice | 0.05 | 0.26 *** | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Halfway house | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility operates a halfway house for substance abuse clients | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.23 *** | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |||
| Any hospital inpatient | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility uses hospital inpatient modality | 0.07 | 0.01 *** | 0.09 | 0.02 *** | 0.11 | 0.06 ** | 0.10 | |||
| Any nonhospital residential | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility uses nonhospital residential modality | 0.27 | 0.11 *** | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0.26 | 0.25 *** | 0.18 | |||
| Any outpatient | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility uses outpatient modality | 0.83 | 0.94 * | 0.92 | 0.67 *** | 0.86 | 0.81 *** | 0.88 | |||
| Methadone/LAAM | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility dispenses methadone or LAAM | 0.09 | 0.18 *** | 0.09 | 0.06 * | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.09 | |||
| Accredited | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility is accredited by JCAHO or CARF or NCQA | 0.33 | 0.09 *** | 0.34 | 0.21 *** | 0.49 | 0.29 ** | 0.36 | |||
| Licensed by state | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility is licensed by a state substance abuse agency | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.88 *** | 0.95 | 0.90 *** | 0.94 | |||
| Admissions (log) | Size of facility, measured by log of annual admissions | 4.90 (1.28) | 4.59 (1.25) *** | 4.83 (1.30) | 4.67 (1.26) *** | 5.17 (1.24) | 4.95 (1.28) *** | 5.24 (1.10) | |||
| Accepts cash or self-payment | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility accepts cash or self-payment for substance abuse treatment | 0.93 | 0.97 *** | 0.99 | 0.82 *** | 0.97 | 0.87 *** | 0.97 | |||
| Accepts private health insurance | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility accepts private health insurance for substance abuse treatment | 0.71 | 0.47 *** | 0.93 | 0.44 *** | 0.89 | 0.63 *** | 0.91 | |||
| Accepts Medicaid | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility accepts Medicaid for substance abuse treatment | 0.54 | 0.17 *** | 0.46 | 0.40 *** | 0.75 | 0.59 *** | 0.86 | |||
| Accepts Medicare | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility accepts Medicare for substance abuse treatment | 0.36 | 0.13 *** | 0.38 | 0.21 *** | 0.52 | 0.39 *** | 0.60 | |||
| Accepts state-financed health insurance | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility accepts state-financed health insurance for substance abuse treatment | 0.37 | 0.10 *** | 0.37 | 0.22 *** | 0.54 | 0.36 *** | 0.66 | |||
| Receives public funds (not Medicare, Medicaid) | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility receives public funds (not Medicare or Medicaid) for substance abuse treatment | 0.66 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.93 * | 0.90 | |||
| Offers payment assistance | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility offers payment assistance for clients receiving substance abuse treatment | 0.79 | 0.66 *** | 0.71 | 0.74 *** | 0.88 | 0.84 *** | 0.93 | |||
| Metropolitan area | 0–1 dummy variable, =1 if facility is located within a metropolitan area | 0.77 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.81 *** | 0.74 | 0.63 *** | 0.51 | |||
| Population density—county (log) | Log of the number of people in the county per square mile | 6.07 (1.92) | 6.13 (1.58) ** | 6.27 (1.68) | 6.36 (2.04) *** | 6.00 (1.92) | 5.45 (2.13) *** | 5.07 (1.92) | |||
| Population—county (log) | Log of the county population | 12.61 (1.63) | 12.82 (1.49) | 12.82 (1.39) | 12.93 (1.67) *** | 12.47 (1.63) | 11.93 (1.69) *** | 11.49 (1.57) | |||
| Competition—county | Herfindahl index in the county | 0.26 (0.28) | 0.23 (0.23) * | 0.21 (0.21) | 0.23 (0.25) *** | 0.28 (0.29) | 0.38 (0.33) *** | 0.45 (0.33) | |||
| Medicare MC enrollees—county (log) | Log of Medicare managed care enrollees in the county | 7.84 (3.27) | 8.18 (3.01) | 8.22 (2.88) | 8.38 (3.26) *** | 7.72 (3.25) | 6.35 (3.47) *** | 5.57 (3.41) | |||
| HMO enrollees—county (log) | Log of HMO enrollees in the county | 10.70 (3.07) | 11.03 (2.75) | 11.15 (2.46) | 11.08 (3.19) *** | 10.60 (2.98) | 9.31 (3.69) ** | 8.83 (3.51) | |||
†
Summary statistics are sample means. Standard deviations of nonbinary variables are in parentheses.
Significant differences between facilities with and without managed care as follows:
*
p <.10;
**
p <.05;
***
p <.01.
SAT, substance abuse treatment; MC, managed care.