Table 5.
Comparing Between-Family and Within-Family Estimates of the Effects of “Months Breastfed”
| Between-Family Estimates | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Full Sample | Sibling Sample | Within-Family Estimate |
| BMI*† | −0.03(0.006) | −0.03(0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) |
| Overweight or at risk of overweight* | 0.98 (0.00) | 0.98 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) |
| Overweight* | 0.98 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.01) | 1.00 (0.02) |
| Diabetes* | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.98 (0.05) |
| Asthma* | 1.007 (0.004) | 1.01 (0.01) | 0.98 (0.01) |
| Allergies* | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.01) | 1.02 (0.01) |
| GPA (0–4 scale)† | 0.007 (0.001) | 0.013 (0.003) | 0.005 (0.006) |
| PVT score (percentile)† | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.04) | 0.16 (0.08) |
| Held back a grade* | 0.97 (0.00) | 0.97 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.01) |
| Likely to go to college (per the child)* | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.02 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) |
| Depression scale (percentile)† | −0.13 (0.04) | −0.17 (0.10) | −0.03 (0.21) |
| other reports feeling close to child* | 1.01 (0.00) | 1.02 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) |
| Child reports feeling close to mother* | 0.98 (0.00) | 0.98 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) |
| Child says mother warm and loving* | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) |
| High number of activities with mother* | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.002 (0.002) |
Notes: Table only reports coefficient on “Months breastfed.”“Overweight” defined as BMI >95th percentile; “at risk of overweight” defined as BMI between 85th and 95th percentiles. GPA, grade point average; PVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; BMI, body mass index. Boldface denotes significance at the 10-percent level. Standard errors (in parentheses) adjusted for within-family correlation
*
Odds ratio from logit regression
†
OLS regression coefficient