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. 2026 Sep 11;14:1927235. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2026.1927235

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Copyright © 2026 Feng, Zhang, Chen, Wang, Liu, Zhang and Yu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart describes a data analysis pipeline for vaginal swab samples including 16s rRNA sequencing and Olink proteomics, feature preprocessing and selection, machine learning modeling using selected features, and model evaluation with ROC curves and comparison heatmap. — Workflow of the whole study.