Table 2.
Classification accuracy (%) of the evaluated models under 10–90% synthetic fatigue using within-subject and strict LOSO protocols.
| Method | 10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | 70% | 80% | 90% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within-subject nested stratified five-fold cross-validation | |||||||||
| FRFNet | 89.9 ± 3.1 | 88.7 ± 3.4 | 82.3 ± 4.0 | 78.1 ± 4.5 | 73.0 ± 4.8 | 67.8 ± 5.5 | 64.3 ± 6.1 | 62.1 ± 6.8 | 60.0 ± 7.6 |
| E2FNet | 87.2 ± 3.5 | 85.8 ± 3.8 | 76.8 ± 4.6 | 70.6 ± 5.0 | 63.5 ± 5.3 | 57.5 ± 6.0 | 53.2 ± 6.8 | 50.4 ± 7.5 | 47.3 ± 8.1 |
| DCA Fusion | 84.9 ± 3.8 | 82.0 ± 4.1 | 74.2 ± 4.8 | 67.4 ± 5.2 | 60.0 ± 5.7 | 53.7 ± 6.4 | 50.5 ± 7.2 | 47.0 ± 8.1 | 44.8 ± 9.4 |
| DMEFNet-adapted | 83.2 ± 3.9 | 80.4 ± 4.0 | 75.2 ± 4.6 | 69.3 ± 5.1 | 63.5 ± 5.4 | 57.1 ± 6.2 | 54.0 ± 7.0 | 51.2 ± 7.8 | 48.3 ± 9.0 |
| FAConformer-style | 77.2 ± 8.1 | 71.8 ± 8.4 | 63.9 ± 7.9 | 58.6 ± 7.7 | 54.6 ± 7.8 | 52.0 ± 8.3 | 50.8 ± 8.0 | 49.5 ± 8.2 | 48.5 ± 7.9 |
| DBF | 62.4 ± 9.3 | 59.3 ± 9.8 | 54.6 ± 9.9 | 50.6 ± 9.1 | 48.2 ± 8.4 | 45.6 ± 7.1 | 43.7 ± 6.5 | 41.7 ± 6.6 | 40.8 ± 6.4 |
| EEG-only | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 70.2 ± 4.2 |
| EMG-only | 89.3 ± 3.9 | 87.7 ± 4.4 | 80.4 ± 4.8 | 68.9 ± 5.7 | 57.0 ± 6.6 | 48.5 ± 7.3 | 44.0 ± 8.1 | 41.3 ± 8.8 | 39.8 ± 9.8 |
| Strict leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) | |||||||||
| FRFNet | 71.6 ± 10.3 | 71.1 ± 10.0 | 70.0 ± 10.0 | 68.1 ± 10.6 | 65.8 ± 10.4 | 62.7 ± 9.6 | 60.2 ± 9.7 | 58.1 ± 10.5 | 57.0 ± 10.1 |
| E2FNet | 61.1 ± 10.7 | 56.4 ± 11.6 | 50.6 ± 12.0 | 45.1 ± 9.7 | 40.6 ± 6.6 | 37.5 ± 4.3 | 35.7 ± 2.9 | 35.0 ± 2.6 | 34.8 ± 3.5 |
| DCA Fusion | 61.0 ± 11.5 | 60.5 ± 11.2 | 59.0 ± 10.8 | 56.5 ± 10.5 | 53.2 ± 9.6 | 49.8 ± 9.0 | 46.5 ± 8.5 | 44.0 ± 8.0 | 42.8 ± 7.8 |
| DMEFNet-adapted | 62.4 ± 12.8 | 61.6 ± 12.8 | 60.2 ± 12.1 | 58.2 ± 10.7 | 54.7 ± 9.8 | 50.9 ± 9.2 | 47.4 ± 8.8 | 45.3 ± 7.9 | 44.2 ± 7.6 |
| FAConformer-style | 59.7 ± 9.8 | 59.3 ± 9.8 | 58.5 ± 10.2 | 57.2 ± 10.1 | 56.3 ± 9.5 | 54.8 ± 9.4 | 53.9 ± 9.1 | 53.6 ± 9.3 | 53.1 ± 8.8 |
| DBF | 60.1 ± 9.6 | 58.4 ± 9.1 | 56.2 ± 8.5 | 54.8 ± 7.8 | 53.7 ± 7.3 | 52.0 ± 7.6 | 51.1 ± 8.0 | 50.6 ± 8.5 | 50.3 ± 8.2 |
Values are mean ± sample standard deviation across 25 participants. Bold values indicate the proposed FRFNet model, provided as the reference for comparison with each baseline method. EEG-only and EMG-only were evaluated only under the within-subject protocol.