Table 7.
Adjusted Means for Emotionality and Regulation by Change Groups (With Corresponding Time 1 Variables Covaried)
| Primary parent-rated |
Teacher-rated |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls versus internalizers |
Controls versus externalizers |
|||||||||||
| Emotion or regulation scale | C/C | C/I | I/C | I/I | C/C | C/E | E/C | E/E | C/C | C/E | E/C | E/E |
| Emotionality | ||||||||||||
| Anger | 4.47 | 4.78 | 4.36 | 4.80 | 4.47 | 4.86 | 4.42 | 4.89 | 3.08 | 4.61 | 3.22 | 5.00 |
| (0.88) | (0.74) | (0.86) | (0.82) | (0.84) | (0.61) | (0.81) | (0.77) | (1.01) | (0.96) | (1.04) | (1.14) | |
| Fear | 3.59 | 3.56 | 3.67 | 3.84 | 3.63 | 4.09 | 3.59 | 3.77 | ||||
| (0.88) | (1.03) | (0.75) | (1.07) | (0.97) | (0.61) | (0.91) | (1.03) | |||||
| Sadness | 4.19 | 4.27 | 4.12 | 4.59 | 4.20 | 4.60 | 4.05 | 4.60 | 3.46 | 4.04 | 3.32 | 4.22 |
| (0.77) | (0.73) | (0.71) | (0.79) | (0.74) | (0.78) | (0.74) | (0.84) | (0.93) | (0.89) | (0.97) | (1.00) | |
| Regulation | ||||||||||||
| Attention focusing | 4.82 | 4.56 | 4.70 | 4.79 | 4.80 | 4.55 | 4.68 | 4.60 | 5.05 | 4.33 | 4.83 | 4.11 |
| (0.81) | (0.96) | (0.78) | (0.90) | (0.81) | (0.85) | (0.71) | (0.86) | (0.92) | (1.09) | (0.97) | (1.32) | |
| Attention shifting | 4.15 | 4.30 | 4.26 | 4.04 | 4.23 | 3.97 | 4.23 | 3.91 | 4.97 | 4.02 | 4.95 | 3.87 |
| (0.83) | (0.77) | (1.00) | (0.90) | (0.81) | (0.65) | (0.88) | (0.85) | (1.00) | (0.97) | (1.06) | (1.09) | |
| Inhibitory control | 4.80 | 4.82 | 4.78 | 4.87 | 4.85 | 4.68 | 4.75 | 4.64 | 5.15 | 4.04 | 4.99 | 4.01 |
| (0.78) | (1.01) | (0.83) | (0.95) | (0.76) | (0.72) | (0.58) | (0.90) | (0.82) | (0.98) | (0.96) | (1.00) | |
| Impulsivity | 4.41 | 4.14 | 4.42 | 4.43 | 4.37 | 4.67 | 4.45 | 4.58 | 3.99 | 4.71 | 4.18 | 4.67 |
| (0.75) | (0.99) | (0.74) | (0.91) | (0.69) | (0.90) | (0.66) | (0.91) | (0.88) | (0.95) | (0.91) | (0.81) | |
| Observed regulation | ||||||||||||
| Movement rating | .09 | .19 | -.01 | -.14 | .08 | .26 | -.13 | -.11 | -.04 | .09 | .25 | .15 |
| (0.85) | (1.25) | (0.84) | (0.85) | (0.86) | (1.17) | (1.04) | (0.77) | (0.87) | (0.96) | (0.77) | (0.92) | |
| Puzzle persistence | .64 | .60 | .64 | .80 | .65 | .68 | .68 | .71 | .72 | .70 | .66 | .58 |
| (0.30) | (0.31) | (0.30) | (0.26) | (0.30) | (0.26) | (0.27) | (0.30) | (0.26) | (0.29) | (0.34) | (0.33) | |
Note. Standard deviations (unadjusted) are in parentheses. Standard errors for each contrast were used in the analyses. C/C = controls at both Time 1 and Time 2; C/I = controls at Time 1, internalizers at Time 2; I/C = internalizers at Time 1, controls at Time 2; I/I = internalizers at both Time 1 and Time 2; C/E = controls at Time 1, externalizers at Time 2; E/C = externalizers at Time 1, controls at Time 2; E/E = externalizers at both Time 1 and Time 2.