Table 2.

Group differences in visual hierarchical functional connectivity.

Measure	HC mean ± SD	IGD mean ± SD	Statistic	p	FDR-corrected p	Effect size
V1–Lingual	0.786 ± 0.237	0.689 ± 0.352	F(1,59) = 4.046	0.049	0.073	partial η2 = 0.064; d = 0.32
Lingual–LOC	0.353 ± 0.172	0.265 ± 0.252	F(1,59) = 2.857	0.096	0.096	partial η2 = 0.046; d = 0.40
V1–LOC	0.364 ± 0.132	0.130 ± 0.189	F(1,59) = 30.809	<0.001	<0.001	partial η2 = 0.343; d = 1.42
HII	−0.422 ± 0.248	−0.559 ± 0.332	t = 1.90	0.062	—	d = 0.46

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Group differences in the three primary ROI-based functional connectivity measures were assessed using MANCOVA, with age, sex, years of education, and mean framewise displacement as covariates. Following the significant multivariate group effect, univariate analyses were performed for V1–Lingual, Lingual–LOC, and V1–LOC connectivity. P values for these three follow-up tests were corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate procedure. Partial η² represents the effect size from the covariate-adjusted univariate analyses, whereas Cohen’s d was calculated using the pooled standard deviation. HII was analyzed separately as a secondary derived measure because it was mathematically derived from V1–LOC and V1–Lingual connectivity and was not included in the MANCOVA.