Table 2.

Systematic reviews of epidemiological evidence on RF-EMF exposure and childhood cancer risk.

Author (year)	Type of study	Population type	RF-EMF source type	Distance from the source	Exposure assessment	Type of cancer	Results
Röösli et al. (2019) (120)	Systematic Review	Children (include prenatal exposure)	Mobile phone	NR (varied across included studies)	Self-reported mobile phone use, operator records, and environmental RF-EMF estimates	Brain tumors	No consistent evidence of an association between RF-EMF exposure and childhood brain tumours.
Bodewein et al. (2022) (135)	Systematic review	Children and adolescents	Mobile phone	NR (varied across included studies)	Predominantly questionnaires and interviews; some studies used exposure modelling	Brain tumours and childhood cancers	Evidence was insufficient to establish an association between RF-EMF exposure and childhood cancer because of the limited number and methodological quality of available studies.
Karipidis et al. (2025) (136)	WHO systematic review of observational studies	General population (including children)	Mobile phones and base stations	Near and far-field	Self-reported mobile phone use, environmental exposure modelling, and study-specific exposure assessment	Paediatric brain tumors and leukemia	Moderate-certainty evidence indicated no increased risk of childhood cancer associated with RF-EMF exposure.

NR, Not reported.