Table 3.
Results of multivariable mixed effects Poisson regression models demonstrating factors associated with rate of prostate biopsy and PSA testing during prostate cancer active surveillance.
| PSA Tests | Prostate Biopsy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95% CI | p | RR | 95% CI | p | ||
| Risk group | |||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Intermediate | 0.93 | 0.91 – 0.95 | <.001 | 0.76 | 0.72 – 0.80 | <.001 | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | |||||||
| 66–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 70–74 | 0.99 | 0.96 – 1.02 | 0.38 | 0.82 | 0.78 – 0.87 | <.001 | |
| 75–79 | 0.99 | 0.96 – 1.02 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.46 – 0.54 | <.001 | |
| 80–84 | 1.02 | 0.97 – 1.07 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.22 – 0.29 | <.001 | |
| ≥85 | 0.93 | 0.87 – 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.11 – 0.19 | <.001 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Black | 0.86 | 0.82 – 0.91 | <.001 | 1.00 | 0.90 – 1.11 | 0.96 | |
| Hispanic | 0.87 | 0.81 – 0.92 | <.001 | 0.85 | 0.74 – 0.98 | 0.021 | |
| Asian | 0.89 | 0.81 – 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.85 | 0.71 – 1.03 | 0.10 | |
| Other | 0.92 | 0.85 – 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.82 – 1.07 | 0.35 | |
| Year of diagnosis (Versus 2004) | 1.02 | 1.02 – 1.03 | <.001 | 1.10 | 1.08 – 1.11 | <.001 | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Unmarried | 0.94 | 0.91 – 0.97 | <.001 | 0.90 | 0.84 – 0.97 | 0.008 | |
| Unknown | 0.98 | 0.95 – 1.01 | 0.24 | 0.92 | 0.86 – 0.99 | 0.019 | |
| Elixhauser Index | |||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 | 1.04 | 1.01 – 1.06 | 0.003 | 0.95 | 0.90 – 1.01 | 0.08 | |
| ≥3 | 1.00 | 0.96 – 1.05 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.79 – 0.99 | 0.036 | |
| Frail | 1.00 | 0.96 – 1.05 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.76 – 0.95 | 0.004 | |
| Flu shot | 1.09 | 1.07 – 1.12 | <.001 | 1.11 | 1.06 – 1.16 | <.001 | |
| Medicaid enrollment | 0.87 | 0.82 – 0.93 | <.001 | 0.80 | 0.70 – 0.91 | <.001 | |
| Census tract poverty (%) | |||||||
| 0 -<5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 5 -<10 | 0.99 | 0.96 – 1.02 | 0.43 | 0.95 | 0.90 – 1.01 | 0.12 | |
| 10 -<20 | 0.95 | 0.92 – 0.99 | 0.005 | 0.94 | 0.87 – 1.01 | 0.08 | |
| 20 −100 | 0.92 | 0.88 – 0.96 | <.001 | 0.86 | 0.78 – 0.94 | 0.001 | |
| Unknown | 1.99 | 0.75 – 5.3 | 0.17 | 0.66 | 0.58 – 0.75 | <.001 | |
| Non-metro area | 0.91 | 0.88 – 0.94 | <.001 | 0.78 | 0.70 – 0.86 | <.001 | |
| Provider Volume | |||||||
| 0–5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 6–10 | 1.00 | 0.97 – 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.84 – 0.96 | 0.001 | |
| 11+ | 0.99 | 0.96 – 1.03 | 0.67 | 0.97 | 0.90 – 1.1 | 0.48 | |
| SEER region | |||||||
| Northeast | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Midwest | 1.01 | 0.96 – 1.07 | 0.57 | 0.79 | 0.69 – 0.90 | <.001 | |
| South | 1.01 | 0.97 – 1.05 | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.68 – 0.83 | <.001 | |
| West | 1.06 | 1.02 – 1.10 | 0.004 | 0.93 | 0.85 – 1.0 | 0.07 | |
Abbreviations: PSA=prostate specific antigen; RR=relative risk; CI=confidence interval; SEER=Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results