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. 2026 Sep 14;14:1783089. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1783089

Table 7.

Applied discounts—people who access services.

Outcome Financial value (CAD) Quantity Deadweight Attribution Displacement Benefit period (years) Drop-off Net social value or impact (CAD)
# of avoided overdoses that might otherwise have resulted in death or serious harm $22,229 7 0% 10% 0% 0 0% $140,045.54
# of reversed overdoses resulting in avoided death or serious harm. $22,229 44 0% 10% 0% 0 0% $880,286.22
# of substance use-related infections avoided (e.g., cellulitis, osteomyelitis) $47 75 20% 0% 0% 0 0% $2,847.60
# of HIV infections avoided (minimum estimate of 1) $22,229 1 20% 75% 0% 0 0% $4,445.89
# of contaminated samples found $23,414 1 0% 0% 0% 0 0% $23,414.00
# of people avoiding physical harm (incl. death) due to weather-related dangers (e.g., frostbite, hypothermia, heat stroke, dehydration, etc.) $110 106 10% 50% 0% 0 0% $5,247.00
# of service users experiencing reduced stigma associated with substance use, increased self-acceptance/decreased internalized stigma $2,400 87 0% 30% 10% 0 0% $131,544.00
# of service users experiencing improved mental health and personal identity (e.g., Increased sense of pride, self-worth, purpose, autonomy, hope, personal growth, empowerment, trust, and feeling valued, accepted, validated, understood, not judged, welcome, dignified, treated with compassion, respected, decreased stress and worry); Decreased mental health disorder symptoms (e.g., decreased anxiety and depression) $150 346 20% 50% 10% 0 0% $18,705.60
# of service users experiencing improved cultural health $159 87 20% 50% 10% 0 0% $4,956.98
# of service users experiencing improved relationships (e.g., increased sense of home, family, community and increased relationship building/maintenance) $2,400 520 20% 90% 25% 0 0% $75,822.40
# of service users experiencing increased disconnection with loved ones (e.g., service users accessing SCS when loved ones prefer they enter a treatment center or work toward sobriety) −$2,400 87 20% 0% 0% 0 0% −$166,272.00
# of service users experiencing $13,773 87 20% 50% 30% 0 0% $333,967.70
increased sense of safety and protection
# of service users experiencing decreased suicide risk $22,229 1 20% 50% 10% 0 0% $8,002.44
# of service users with reduced or altered substance use $18,783 260 20% 10% 0% 0 0% $3,513,472.85
# of service users with increased or altered substance use due to exposure and access to other service users and substances −$18,783 87 20% 10% 0% 0 0% −$1,171,157.62
Total $3,805,328.60