Table 2.
Cross-tabulation of sociodemographic factors and glycemic control (HbA1c levels) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bahrain.
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | Gooda n (%) |
Poorb n (%) |
Very poorc n (%) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | ||||
| <45 | 15 (39.4) | 8 (21.1) | 15 (39.5) | 0.726 |
| 45–55 | 19 (31.7) | 18 (30) | 23 (38.3) | |
| 56–65 | 44 (28.9) | 52 (34.2) | 56 (36.9) | |
| >65 | 36 (31.6) | 31 (27.2) | 47 (41.2) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 53 (32.1) | 50 (30.3) | 62 (37.6) | 0.914 |
| Female | 61 (30.7) | 59 (29.6) | 79 (39.7) | |
| Educational level | ||||
| Uneducated | 9 (30) | 5 (16.7) | 16 (53.3) | 0.015 |
| Primary | 12 (21.1) | 19 (33.3) | 26 (45.6) | |
| Secondary | 41 (26.2) | 50 (32.1) | 65 (41.7) | |
| College/University | 36 (39.5) | 27 (29.7) | 28 (30.8) | |
| Postgraduate | 16 (53.3) | 8 (26.7) | 6 (20) | |
| Area | ||||
| Muharraq | 22 (28.5) | 26 (33.8) | 29 (37.7) | 0.303 |
| Northern | 32 (41) | 23 (29.5) | 23 (29.5) | |
| Southern | 41 (26.8) | 44 (28.8) | 68 (44.4) | |
| Capital | 19 (33.9) | 16 (28.6) | 21 (37.5) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| None | 47 (27.7) | 48 (28.2) | 75 (44.1) | 0.269 |
| 1–2/week | 32 (35.1) | 28 (30.8) | 31 (34.1) | |
| 3–4/week | 13 (29.6) | 17 (38.6) | 14 (31.8) | |
| 5–6/week | 14 (48.3) | 8 (27.6) | 7 (24.1) | |
| 1–2/day | 8 (26.7) | 8 (26.7) | 14 (46.6) | |
aGood glycemic control (HbA1c < 7.0%).
bPoor glycemic control (HbA1c 7.0–8.0%).
cVery poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 8.0%).
Values are presented as n (%). p-values were calculated using Pearson’s chi-square test to compare the distribution of participants across the three glycemic control categories (good, poor, and very poor) according to each sociodemographic and nutritional literacy variable. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.