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. 2026 Sep 14;20:1883543. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1883543

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Copyright © 2026 Pandurangan, Gowri, Surekha, Chafle, Reddy, Bansal, Prakash, Islam and Tariqul Islam.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Grouped image of five ROC curve plots, each representing model performance for folds one to five. Each plot includes four colored lines for classes glioma, meningioma, normal, and pituitary, with macro AUC scores ranging from zero point nine nine two to zero point nine nine five. Axes are labeled true positive rate and false positive rate. Legends indicate individual class AUCs. Dashed diagonal line marks random classifier threshold. — Fold-wise ROC curves of the CNN backbone with its native softmax head under 5-fold cross-validation.