Table 11.

McNemar’s test comparing the CNN baseline against each hybrid classifier (hold-out set).

Comparison (A vs. B)	b (A right, B wrong)	c (A wrong, B right)	χ2 statistic	p-value	Significant (α = 0.05)
CNN vs. CNN-KNN	16	57	21.92	2.85 × 10−6	Yes
CNN vs. CNN-SVM	7	43	24.50	7.43 × 10−7	Yes
CNN vs. CNN-RF	26	20	0.54	0.461	No