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. 2026 Sep 14;20:1883543. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1883543

Table 9.

Fold-wise and aggregated performance of the four configurations under stratified 5-fold cross-validation.

Method Fold Performance measures (%)
Sensitivity Specificity Precision F1-score Accuracy AUC
CNN 1 93.51 97.94 93.50 93.49 93.74 99.42
2 94.40 98.24 94.49 94.43 94.66 99.45
3 93.04 97.80 93.18 93.07 93.38 99.21
4 94.19 98.18 94.34 94.23 94.52 99.20
5 93.16 97.83 93.23 93.16 93.45 99.24
Mean ± SD 93.66 ± 0.61 98.00 ± 0.20 93.75 ± 0.62 93.68 ± 0.62 93.95 ± 0.60 99.30 ± 0.12
CNN-KNN 1 96.49 98.90 96.52 96.49 96.65 99.41
2 97.12 99.08 97.17 97.14 97.22 99.42
3 95.07 98.44 95.19 95.10 95.30 99.03
4 95.70 98.66 95.78 95.71 95.94 98.94
5 95.25 98.47 95.30 95.22 95.37 98.92
Mean ± SD 95.92 ± 0.86 98.71 ± 0.28 95.99 ± 0.84 95.93 ± 0.87 96.10 ± 0.83 99.14 ± 0.25
CNN-SVM 1 96.31 98.83 96.29 96.30 96.44 99.67
2 95.27 98.53 95.34 95.28 95.52 99.60
3 94.71 98.33 94.76 94.72 94.95 99.64
4 95.75 98.68 95.88 95.81 96.01 99.40
5 95.26 98.50 95.27 95.26 95.44 99.67
Mean ± SD 95.46 ± 0.60 98.57 ± 0.19 95.51 ± 0.59 95.47 ± 0.60 95.67 ± 0.57 99.59 ± 0.11
CNN-RF 1 94.24 98.20 94.26 94.24 94.52 99.51
2 94.32 98.22 94.45 94.34 94.59 99.48
3 92.53 97.65 92.62 92.55 92.88 99.34
4 93.96 98.12 94.13 94.01 94.30 99.22
5 93.37 97.90 93.42 93.36 93.66 99.44
Mean ± SD 93.68 ± 0.75 98.02 ± 0.24 93.78 ± 0.75 93.70 ± 0.75 93.99 ± 0.72 99.40 ± 0.12