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. 2026 Sep 14;13:1876065. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2026.1876065

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Copyright © 2026 Ma, Wumaier, Maiamaituxun, Amuti, Damaola, Aji, Da, Qiao, Nijiati, Aihaiti and Jiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows a ROC curve for the training dataset with an area under the curve of 0.915, plotting sensitivity against one minus specificity. Panel B displays a ROC curve for the validation dataset with an area under the curve of 0.746. Panel C is a decision analysis graph indicating net benefit versus high-risk threshold for train, validation, all, and none groups. Panel D shows a calibration plot with model calibration compared to a perfectly calibrated line and a histogram of mean predicted values at the bottom. — (A) ROC for the training cohort; (B) ROC for the validation cohort; (C) Decision analysis; (D) Claibration curve.