Table 2.
Associations of sunlight exposure with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout in the UK.
| Outdoor duration (hours) | Cases/Person-years | HR (95% CI) | p value | E value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE | ||||
| 2.5 | 27/616357 | 1 | NA | NA |
| < 2.5 | 133/1847551 | 1.71 (1.13–2.59) | 0.011 | 2.81 |
| > 2.5 | 175/2370470 | 1.75 (1.17–2.63) | 0.007 | 2.89 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis, RA | ||||
| 2.5 | 645/610485 | 1 | NA | NA |
| < 2.5 | 1836/1831941 | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 0.333 | 1.28 |
| > 2.5 | 3110/2343037 | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) | 0.001 | 1.57 |
| Gout | ||||
| 2.5 | 827/611821 | 1 | NA | NA |
| < 2.5 | 2194/1836420 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.304 | 1.25 |
| > 2.5 | 4464/2345562 | 1.09 (1.02–1.18) | 0.018 | 1.40 |
Models were adjusted for age (< 65 years and ≥ 65 years), sex (Male and Female), ethnicity (White and Non-white), educational levels (College and Other levels), Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) (< 24, 24 ~ 27.9, ≥ 28), alcohol consumption (Yes and No), smoking status (Yes and No), household income (< £ 31,000 and ≥ £ 31,000), physical activity (Yes and No), dieting score (ranged from 0–7), sleep duration (≤ 7 h and > 7 h), ambient PM2.5 levels (μg/m3), skin color (White and Other), use of sun exposure protection (Yes and No). Bold values indicate statistically significant associations (p < 0.05).