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. 2026 Jun 10;3(9):765–779. doi: 10.1021/cbe.6c00021

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Conversion of CO2 derivatives in the gas phase to succinic acid (CO2 derivatives in the gas phase are primarily C2H4/CO/H2; the parenthetical CO2/O2/CO/H2/H2O represent the reactants to be introduced in each reaction pathway. The red pathway is designed to yield succinic acid via a C4 intermediate, the blue pathway is intended to produce succinic acid through a C3 intermediate, and the green pathway is devised to obtain succinic acid via a C2 intermediate.).