TABLE 1—
Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Reproductive Characteristics of Mothers of Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) (n = 54) and Randomly Selected Control Mothers (n = 116): South Africa, Wave II, 1999–2001
| Mothers of Children With FAS | Control Mothers | P (OR) | |
| Age at interview, y, mean (SD) | 35.9 (6.3) | 34.5 (6.4) | NSa |
| Residence during index pregnancy, % | |||
| Rural | 66.0 | 20.9 | |
| Urban | 34.0 | 79.1 | <.001b (7.36) |
| Educational attainment, y mean (SD) | 5.0 (3.2) | 8.7 (2.6) | <.001a |
| Frequency of church attendance, % | |||
| Never | 14.3 | 4.9 | |
| Not very often (< 1 times per month) | 49.0 | 17.5 | |
| Often (1–2 times per month) | 14.3 | 37.9 | |
| Very often (1 time per week) | 22.4 | 39.8 | <.001b |
| Frequency of praying, % | |||
| Never | 5.6 | 0.9 | |
| Not very often (< 1 time per week) | 14.8 | 9.8 | |
| Often (2–3 times per week) | 53.7 | 22.3 | |
| Very often (1 time per day) | 25.9 | 67.0 | <.001b |
| Religiosity index score,c mean (SD) | 3.0 (0.9) | 3.5 (0.7) | <.001a |
| Currently employed, % | 69.8 | 66.7 | NSb |
| Usual occupation, % | |||
| Factory worker | 9.6 | 17.7 | |
| Farmworker | 34.6 | 12.4 | |
| Office worker | 11.5 | 16.8 | |
| Housewife | 3.8 | 8.0 | |
| Domestic (housekeeper, servant) | 15.4 | 8.8 | |
| Other | 0.0 | 12.4 | |
| Usually does not work | 25.0 | 23.9 | <.003b |
| Employment status, % | |||
| Full–time | 42.3 | 53.2 | |
| Part–time | 11.5 | 6.3 | |
| Seasonal | 15.4 | 9.0 | |
| Unemployedd | 30.8 | 31.5 | NSb |
| Weekly income when working, mean (SD) | |||
| Rands | 105.5 (101.9) | 252.9 (339.6) | .002a |
| US $ | 17.58 | 42.15 | |
| Reproductive variables, mean (SD) | |||
| Gravidity | 3.5 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.1) | <.000a |
| Parity, pre- and full term | 3.3 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.1) | .002a |
| Miscarriages | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.5) | NSa |
| Still births | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.2) | NSa |
| Living children | 3.0 (1.2) | 2.5 (1.0) | .002a |
| Age at birth of index child, y | 28.0 (6.4) | 26.1 (6.3) | NSa |
| Birth order of index child | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.2) | <.001a |
| Marital status during pregnancy with index child, % | |||
| Married | 29.6 | 40.9 | |
| Unmarried, living with partner | 40.7 | 10.9 | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.9 | 1.8 | |
| Single | 27.8 | 46.4 | <.001b |
Note. NS = nonsignificant. The control group was used as referent.
at test.
bχ2 test.
cCombined values for frequency of church attendance and prayer.
dCombined categories of unemployed, not employed because of disability, and not employed and not looking for work.